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171.
A particular source of anxiety for many immigrants is personal safety. This study examines the levels and correlates of perceived risk of crime among two understudied immigrant groups, Arab and Chinese immigrants, who resided in an understudied geographic area, the Detroit metropolitan area. Results suggested several universal and immigrants-specific correlates that are significant predictors of Arab and/or Chinese immigrants' perceptions of crime, including self-defense ability, police effectiveness, neighborhood collective efficacy, language proficiency, expectation of U.S. crime condition prior to arrival, and perception of home society crime. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
172.
Previous research has considered the psychologist’s professional transition from trainee to independent practitioner. However, this work has generally focused on the experiences of psychotherapists or general psychologists. The purpose of the current commentary is to reflect on the experiences of early professional forensic evaluators. This commentary addresses four specific areas including difficulties with adversarial allegiance, perceptions of professional competency, balancing responsibilities associated with “expert” status, and roadblocks to standard test administration and scoring. When applicable, we reference empirical literature and professional ethical guidelines. We also offer suggestions for coping with these experiences. We hope this commentary will normalize these experiences for other early career evaluators as well as aid graduate students’ transition into the independent evaluator role. 相似文献
173.
Studies with adults of social dominance orientation (SDO), a preference for inequality among social groups, have found correlations
with various prejudices and support for discriminatory practices. This study explores the construct among adolescents at an
age when they are beginning to recognize the social groups in their environment, particularly adolescent crowds. The relationship
of SDO and perceptions of parents’ responsiveness and demandingness were also investigated. Subjects were in grades 9–12 (N = 516, 53% female, 96% White). Mother’s and father’s responsiveness significantly predicted adolescent’s SDO scores, with
greater perceived responsiveness associated with lower SDO. To analyze the multiple crowd memberships of the 76% belonging
to more than one crowd, two-step cluster analysis was used to identify patterns, resulting in 8 clusters of distinct, heterogeneous
composition. SDO differed significantly among males in different clusters, but not females. The importance of membership was
positively associated with SDO among high-status crowds and negatively associated with SDO among the academic and normal crowds.
The findings have implications for prejudices that may be developing in adolescence and indicate a need for further research
into the social context of SDO and its development. 相似文献
174.
Rübab G. Arım V. Susan Dahinten Sheila K. Marshall Jennifer D. Shapka 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(2):207-220
This study examined reciprocal relationships between adolescents’ perceptions of parental nurturance and two types of adolescent
aggressive behaviors (indirect and direct aggression) using a transactional model. Three waves of longitudinal data were drawn
from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. The sample included 1,416 (735 female) adolescents who
were 10- and 11-year-olds at Time 1 and became 14-and 15-year-olds at Time 3. The findings failed to support reciprocal effects,
but confirmed parental effects at different ages for girls and boys. For girls, perceptions of parental nurturance at age
10 were negatively associated with both indirect and direct aggression at age 12. For boys, perceptions of parental nurturance
at age 12 were negatively associated with both aggressive behaviors at age 14. Future research should continue to investigate
reciprocal effects in parent-adolescent relationships to identify developmental periods where the effect of adolescents’ or
their parents’ behavior may be stronger. 相似文献
175.
176.
Tarditi CR Grahn RA Evans JJ Kurushima JD Lyons LA 《Journal of forensic sciences》2011,56(Z1):S36-S46
Approximately 81.7 million cats are in 37.5 million U.S. households. Shed fur can be criminal evidence because of transfer to victims, suspects, and/or their belongings. To improve cat hairs as forensic evidence, the mtDNA control region from single hairs, with and without root tags, was sequenced. A dataset of a 402-bp control region segment from 174 random-bred cats representing four U.S. geographic areas was generated to determine the informativeness of the mtDNA region. Thirty-two mtDNA mitotypes were observed ranging in frequencies from 0.6-27%. Four common types occurred in all populations. Low heteroplasmy, 1.7%, was determined. Unique mitotypes were found in 18 individuals, 10.3% of the population studied. The calculated discrimination power implied that 8.3 of 10 randomly selected individuals can be excluded by this region. The genetic characteristics of the region and the generated dataset support the use of this cat mtDNA region in forensic applications. 相似文献
177.
The chemical composition of fingermarks could potentially be important for determining investigative leads, placing individuals at the time of a crime, and has applications as biomarkers of disease. Fingermark samples containing triacylglycerols (TAGs) and other components were analyzed using laser desorption/ionization (LDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS). Only LDI appeared to be useful for this application while conventional matrix-assisted LDI-TOF MS was not. Tandem MS was used to identify/confirm selected TAGs. A limited gender comparison, based on a simple t-distribution and peaks intensities, indicated that two TAGs showed gender specificity at the 95% confidence level and two others at 97.5% confidence. Because gender-related TAGs differences were most often close to the standard deviation of the measurements, the majority of the TAGs showed no gender specificity. Thus, LDI-TOF MS is not a reliable indicator of gender based on fingermark analysis. Cosmetic ingredients present in some samples were identified. 相似文献
178.
179.
Johnson JE Esposito-Smythers C Miranda R Rizzo CJ Justus AN Clum G 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2011,55(7):1096-1109
Knowing where criminal justice-involved teens look for support and whether those supports reduce depression has important and possibly gender-specific treatment implications for this vulnerable population. This study examines the relationships between social support and depression in a mixed-gender sample of 198 incarcerated adolescents. Greater support from families and overall and greater satisfaction with supports predicted lower depression for boys and girls. Support from siblings and extended family strongly predicted lower depression; support from parents and from friends was either not related or only weakly related to depression. Girls reported higher levels of depression, more support from friends and extended family, and less support from parents than did boys. Family, sibling, and overall support were stronger predictors of depression for girls than for boys. Results suggest that nonparent family members, especially siblings and extended family, provide important emotional resources for teens in the criminal justice system. 相似文献
180.
Annmarie C. Hulette Laura A. Kaehler Jennifer J. Freyd 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(3):217-225
The purpose of this study was to investigate intergenerational relationships between trauma and dissociation. Short and long
term consequences of betrayal trauma (i.e., trauma perpetrated by someone with whom the victim is very close) on dissociation
were examined in a sample of 67 mother–child dyads using group comparison and regression strategies. Experiences of high betrayal
trauma were found to be related to higher levels of dissociation in both children and mothers. Furthermore, mothers who experienced
high betrayal trauma in childhood and were subsequently interpersonally revictimized in adulthood were shown to have higher
levels of dissociation than non-revictimized mothers. Maternal revictimization status was associated with child interpersonal
trauma history. These results suggest that dissociation from a history of childhood betrayal trauma may involve a persistent
unawareness of future threats to both self and children. 相似文献