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841.
Drug courts in the United States are still relatively young, but they have proliferated dramatically since the first innovation in Miami in 1989. Research focusing on drug courts is now beginning to gain momentum, though it still lags considerably behind the growth of the movement itself. This article describes findings from a first "longitudinal" examination of two of the nation's first and longest operating courts in Portland and Las Vegas, focusing on the dynamic nature of the evolution of the model as adapted in each site. In particular, the research considers the impact of contextual factors – laws, administrative policies, and federal court orders – on the growth of drug court models in each jurisdiction as measured through their screening and enrolling mechanisms over time. The time series analyses suggest that several contextual factors played an important role in shaping these courts and affecting their impact on the target populations and the results they produced. The longitudinal findings illustrate the importance of context in making sense of "normal" evaluation findings and emphasize the dynamic nature of the change process in implementing innovative policy in the criminal courts. 相似文献
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844.
Although researchers have identified individual-level predictors of nonphysical bullying among children and youth, school-level predictors (i.e., characteristics of the school environment that influence bullying exposure) remain largely unstudied. Using data from a survey of 1,838 students in 21 Boston public high schools, we used multilevel modeling techniques to estimate the level of variation across schools in student reports of nonphysical bully victimization and identify school-level predictors of bullying. We found significant between school variation in youth reports of nonphysical bullying, with estimates ranging from 25-58%. We tested school-level indicators of academic performance, emotional well-being, and school safety. After controlling for individual-level covariates and demographic controls, the percent of students in the school who met with a mental health counselor was significantly associated with bullying (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.06). There was no significant association between school-level academic performance and perceptions of school safety on individual reports of bullying. Findings suggest that prevention and intervention programs may benefit from attending to the emotional well-being of students and support the importance of understanding the role of the school environment in shaping student experiences with bullying. 相似文献
845.
The candidates running during the 2008 presidential campaign were the most diverse in America’s history. Prior to this historic election, female and minority candidates had little success in pursuing the presidency. Barack Obama’s victory signals a decline in those barriers. Yet some groups, especially religious ones, continue to face barriers, including Atheists, Mormons and Muslims. The paper takes a close look at bias in presidential voting. This examination will provide an opportunity to consider new hypotheses about why barriers remain, shedding light on the nature and extent of bias within the American public. We consider social desirability, ideology, social contact, and group threat explanations. To test our ideas, we rely on list experiments using national representative samples in 2007 and in 2008. These data provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of the 2008 election, in particular, and the role of bias, in general. The results also offer some insight into future presidential elections. 相似文献
846.
Jennifer R. Wilking 《Political Behavior》2011,33(1):139-159
Elections are now a common feature of countries across regime types, yet we know little about what leads people to perceive
an election as fair, or how the democratic context shapes the ingredients of fairness judgments. While the conduct of a process
is most important for perceptions of fairness in established democracies, “procedural fairness” may not travel to non-democracies,
where economic outcomes occasionally take precedence over procedure. Additionally, individual level characteristics, such
as political engagement, may also shape how people view the fairness of elections. Using original experiments conducted in
the United States and China, I find procedural considerations are most important for fairness judgments, across democratic
contexts and largely independent of political engagement. 相似文献
847.
Jennifer Menzies 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2011,70(4):408-420
The role of the intergovernmental affairs specialist is to protect and extend the powers of the jurisdiction for which he works (Donald Smiley quoted in Warhurst 1987 ). 相似文献
848.
Political risk frequently impedes the flow of capital into developing countries. In response, governments often adopt innovative
institutions that aim to attract greater flows of international investment and trade by changing the institutional environment
and limiting the risk to outside investors. One primary example of this is the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), aimed specifically
at increasing the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to developing countries. Yet the literature in political science
and economics is inconclusive about whether or not BITs do indeed stimulate FDI, and it provides conflicting theoretical reasoning
for the claimed connection. This article argues that BITs do attract FDI to developing countries, but the story is a complicated
one. Two important factors must be taken into account. First, BITs cannot entirely substitute for an otherwise weak investment
environment. Countries must have the necessary domestic institutions in place that interact with BITs to make these international
commitments credible and valuable to investors. Second, as the coverage of BITs increases, overall FDI flows to developing
countries increase. However, although remaining positive, the marginal effect of a country’s BITs on its own FDI may fall
because of heightened competition for FDI from other BIT countries. Using data from 97 countries for 1984–2007, we provide
empirical evidence consistent with both of these theoretical claims. 相似文献
849.
Charles M. KatzAuthor Vitae Vincent J. WebbAuthor VitaeKate FoxAuthor Vitae Jennifer N. ShafferAuthor Vitae 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(1):48
Purpose
Research examining factors that precipitate gang violence has contributed substantially to our understanding of gangs and gang activity with respect to offending, yet we still know relatively little about how gangs influence members’ risk of victimization. The current study examines three hypotheses: (1) gang involvement and involvement in other risky lifestyles is related to violent victimization, (2) involvement in gang crime is associated with violent victimization, and (3) the presence of rival gangs is related to violent victimization.Methods
The present study uses data obtained from 909 recently booked juvenile arrestees who were interviewed as part of the Arizona Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program.Results
Our findings indicated that prevalence of violent victimization was highest among gang members, followed by former gang members, gang associates, and non-gang members. After controlling for involvement in gang crime, however, gang membership per se did not significantly influence the juveniles’ risk of serious violent victimization.Conclusions
Our results call into question the conclusion that gang membership alone increases the likelihood of violent victimization vis-à-vis lifestyle/routine activities and/or collective liability. Instead our findings support prior research on the victim-offender overlap, that offending behaviors increase the risk of victimization. 相似文献850.
Everett Waters is involved in a wide range of longitudinal research projects and educational programs that advance the Bowlby‐Ainsworth tradition of attachment study. His empirical and theoretical knowledge is far reaching. Here, Waters explores the family law field's hopes and expectations of attachment theory, identifies a number of myths about attachment theory that may influence divorce decision making, and challenges why we ask the questions we do. His views encourage hardened supporters and detractors of attachment theory alike to identify a middle ground where the essence of attachment knowledge might best inform family law practices in divorce and separation matters. 相似文献