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241.
This article explores whether additional rules are needed for the regulation of tissue research in Europe. A human rights-based approach (referring to international documents and illustrative examples from national legislation) is taken to address the question: what is so special about tissue, in particular when compared to personal data? The existing regimes in Europe on data protection and clinical trials are presented and examined for their suitability to govern tissue research, taking into account the differences between data and tissue. Six recommendations are outlined, highlighting important points future legislation on tissue research must take into account. 相似文献
242.
Robert K. Valenzuela M.S. Miquia S. Henderson B.S. Monica H. Walsh B.S. Nanibaa’ A. Garrison Ph.D. Jessica T. Kelch B.S. Orit Cohen‐Barak Ph.D. Drew T. Erickson Ph.D. F. John Meaney Ph.D. J. Bruce Walsh Ph.D. Keith C. Cheng M.D. Ph.D. Shosuke Ito Ph.D. Kazumasa Wakamatsu Ph.D. Tony Frudakis Ph.D. Matthew Thomas Ph.D. Murray H. Brilliant Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(2):315-322
Abstract: Genetic information in forensic studies is largely limited to CODIS data and the ability to match samples and assign them to an individual. However, there are circumstances, in which a given DNA sample does not match anyone in the CODIS database, and no other information about the donor is available. In this study, we determined 75 SNPs in 24 genes (previously implicated in human or animal pigmentation studies) for the analysis of single‐ and multi‐locus associations with hair, skin, and eye color in 789 individuals of various ethnic backgrounds. Using multiple linear regression modeling, five SNPs in five genes were found to account for large proportions of pigmentation variation in hair, skin, and eyes in our across‐population analyses. Thus, these models may be of predictive value to determine an individual’s pigmentation type from a forensic sample, independent of ethnic origin. 相似文献
243.
Jennifer R. Verkouteren M.S. Jessica L. Coleman M.S. Inho Cho B.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(2):334-340
Abstract: A method is described to perform automated mapping of hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX) particles in C‐4 fingerprints. The method employs polarized light microscopy and image analysis to map the entire fingerprint and the distribution of RDX particles. This method can be used to evaluate a large number of fingerprints to aid in the development of threat libraries that can be used to determine performance requirements of explosive trace detectors. A series of 50 C‐4 fingerprints were characterized, and results show that the number of particles varies significantly from print to print, and within a print. The particle size distributions can be used to estimate the mass of RDX in the fingerprint. These estimates were found to be within ±26% relative of the results obtained from dissolution gas chromatography/μ‐electron capture detection for four of six prints, which is quite encouraging for a particle counting approach. By evaluating the average mass and frequency of particles with respect to size for this series of fingerprints, we conclude that particles 10–20 μm in diameter could be targeted to improve detection of traces of C‐4 explosives. 相似文献
244.
Historically, research from various fields has indicated that females are underrepresented in academic papers. Not only are females less likely to publish relative to males, but they are also less likely to be sole-, co-, and first-authors in journal publications. While this gender discrepancy has become smaller in recent decades, males are still disproportionately represented in academic papers. The current study reviews author characteristics of articles published in the top fifteen criminology/criminal justice journals over a forty-year period (1974–2014). Among the 11,348 articles in the study, results indicated that while female sole- and first-authorship increased throughout the study period, 26.6% of sole-authors were female while 32% were first-authors and composed 33.3% of all co-authors. Further, females were less likely to be sole- and first-authors, less likely to have co-authors, and more likely to publish with other female co-authors. 相似文献
245.
Bupropion Overdose Resulted in a Pharmacobezoar in a Fatal Bupropion (Wellbutrin®) Sustained‐release Overdose: Postmortem Distribution of Bupropion and its Major Metabolites
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Gregory Schmit M.D. Evy De Boosere M.D. Jessica Vanhaebost M.D. Arnaud Capron Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(6):1674-1676
Bupropion (BUP) overdose commonly causes generalized seizures and central nervous system depression. The case of a 28‐year‐old woman who died from a massive lethal overdose with sustained‐release bupropion (Wellbutrin® 300 mg) is herein presented. The autopsy revealed the presence of a pharmacobezoar consisting of at least 40 tablets in the stomach. Determination of bupropion and its active metabolites (hydroxybupropion, threobupropion, erythrobupropion) was achieved by a liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method. Postmortem concentrations for bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threobupropion, and erythrobupropion were obtained in intracranial blood, urine, bile, liver, kidney, and vitreous humor. In this case, intracranial blood level of the parent drug was 1.9 mg/L. Threobupropion was the most abundant metabolite in both blood and urine, 59.3 and 890.6 mg/L. Tissue distribution showed the highest concentration in the liver, 12.3 mg/kg. The 0.8 bupropion concentration ratio vitreous/blood suggested that vitreous could be a valuable specimen for toxicological analysis should postmortem blood be unavailable. 相似文献
246.
Jessica L. Hurtubise Antonette Scavone Sanya Sagar Laszlo A. Erdodi 《Psychological injury and law》2017,10(2):121-137
The article reviews systemic and context-specific challenges of psychoeducational assessment using two case studies: a 19-year-old woman with feigned attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and a 50-year-old man with genuine dyslexia. These cases demonstrate that providing a thorough evaluation of performance validity is an essential component of determining eligibility for academic accommodations in both clinical and higher education settings. At the same time, discounting failure on certain performance validity tests may be necessary to protect against false positive errors. In addition, empirically based test selection and interpretation has the potential to enhance the clinical confidence during differential diagnosis. Examining the internal consistency of a given neurocognitive profile provides valuable clinical information to determine both the credibility of the overall presentation and applying established diagnostic criteria. Although clinical research has yet to identify definitive markers of non-credible neurocognitive profiles, a multivariate approach to performance validity assessment that combines empirically validated indicators and sound clinical judgment can improve detection rates while simultaneously protecting against false positive errors. 相似文献
247.
Comparing Standard and Selective Degradation DNA Extraction Methods: Results from a Field Experiment with Sexual Assault Kits,
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Rebecca Campbell Ph.D. Steven J. Pierce Ph.D. Dhruv B. Sharma Ph.D. Jessica Shaw Ph.D. Hannah Feeney M.A. Jeffrey Nye M.S. Kristin Schelling M.S. Giannina Fehler‐Cabral Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(1):213-222
A growing number of U.S. cities have large numbers of untested sexual assault kits (SAKs) in police property facilities. Testing older kits and maintaining current case work will be challenging for forensic laboratories, creating a need for more efficient testing methods. Methods: We evaluated selective degradation methods for DNA extraction using actual case work from a sample of previously unsubmitted SAKs in Detroit, Michigan. We randomly assigned 350 kits to either standard or selective degradation testing methods and then compared DNA testing rates and CODIS entry rates between the two groups. Results and conclusions: Continuation‐ratio modeling showed no significant differences, indicating that the selective degradation method had no decrement in performance relative to customary methods. Follow‐up equivalence tests indicated that CODIS entry rates for the two methods could differ by more than ±5%. Selective degradation methods required less personnel time for testing and scientific review than standard testing. 相似文献
248.
Prosocial behavior and aggression among children and adolescents are important indicators of social and interpersonal competence.
The goal of this study was to investigate whether there are different prototypes among African American adolescents that can
help explain prosocial and aggressive (relational and overt) behaviors. Also of interest was whether these profiles differed
for boys and girls. The selection of independent variables (e.g., empathy, anger management, normative beliefs about aggression,
and ethnic identity) was guided by an information processing model of aggression and prosocial behaviors. The sample consisted
of 789 (57% female) African American adolescents between the ages of 11 and 14. Cluster analysis produced three profiles that
were similar for boys and girls. These were labeled “well-adjusted,” “poorly adjusted,” and “low identity.” A fourth profile
was labeled “low empathy” for girls and “poor anger management” for boys. These four clusters significantly differentiated
who engaged in prosocial behavior and relational and overt aggression. Findings suggest that prevention programs may consider
targeting well-adjusted youth to serve as peer modes. Additionally, programs that promote empathy, anger management, ethnic
identity, and normative beliefs against aggression may be useful for reducing aggression and increasing prosocial behavior
among poorly adjusted youth. 相似文献
249.
250.
Jessica C. Teets 《Journal of Chinese Political Science》2012,17(1):15-32
In this paper, I find that the political economy of public goods provision by the local government in Shanghai influenced
the decision to transition from the existing public service delivery model based on residency, to a social innovation model
where the government contracts with non-profits and private firms to provide services at lower costs and experiment with different
levels of provision (购买服务). Contracting also forms a bridge between old governance models and new ones, which potentially
allow for a process of administrative modernization without social instability. Contracting for public-goods provision is
increasing in prevalence not only in Shanghai but also in many other provinces, and is professionalizing participating organizations
and providing public goods to vulnerable populations. While this practice is not yet increasing non-profit participation in
the policy process, the creation of access channels that are currently operating solely in one direction may at some future
date allow groups to participate in relevant policy areas. Contracting public goods might have the potential of significant
effects beyond the term of the contract by increasing pluralism in local public policy and generating more demand for transparency
and accountability of government services. As such, this is an interesting bellwether for future political change in China. 相似文献