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711.
Ryan D. Schroeder George E. Higgins Thomas J. Mowen 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2014,39(1):155-171
Parental attachment is a key predictor of juvenile offending. Most prior research on the topic, however, assumes that parental attachment is stable throughout youth and adolescence. On the contrary, recent research has established that parenting is a dynamic factor for many youth during adolescence. In the current study, we assess the relationship between trajectories of maternal attachment and offending during adolescence and young adulthood. Following a cohort of 859 youth from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data aged 10 or 11 over a period of 6 years, we find four distinctive trajectories of maternal attachment and two distinctive trajectories of offending. The results suggest that changes that occur in maternal closeness are linked to changes in offending across adolescence. However, when young adult offending is assessed when the youth are 18 or 19 years of age, we find that adolescent maternal attachment trajectories are not significant predictors of offending. 相似文献
712.
Scholars are only beginning to take account of how trans people experience violence motivated by their gender identity and expression. Based on a series of focus groups and interviews across Canada, this article aims to further this area of inquiry. The fear of victimization, and thus hyper-vigilance, seems to be particularly acute among trans women. Many of them spoke of the multiple and complex layers through which they defined “safety” and lack thereof. We share their experiences and perceptions of the threat of hate motivated violence, and their subsequent reactions. 相似文献
713.
James E. Sutton Paul E. Bellair Brian R. Kowalski Ryan Light Donald T. Hutcherson 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2011,27(2):173-171
Data collection using the life event calendar method is growing, but reliability is not well established. We examine test–retest
reliability of monthly self-reports of criminal behavior collected using a life event calendar from a random sample of minimum
and medium security prisoners. Tabular analysis indicates substantial agreement between self-reports of drug dealing, property,
and violent crime during a baseline interview (test) and a follow-up (retest) approximately 3 weeks later. Hierarchical analysis
reveals that criminal activity reported during the initial test is strongly associated with responses given in the retest,
and that the relationship varies only by the lag in days between the initial interview and the retest. Analysis of validity
reveals that self-reported incarceration history is strongly predictive of official incarceration history although we were
unable to address whether subjects could correctly identify the months they were incarcerated. African Americans and older
subjects provide more valid responses but in practical terms the differences in validity are not large. 相似文献
714.
Purpose
Two competing theories explain the link between past and future criminal behavior: population heterogeneity and state dependence. Actuarial models of risk prediction emphasize static variables, akin to population heterogeneity. State dependence, has never been tested with similar populations.Methods
Using survival modeling this study examines both population heterogeneity and state dependence using a sample of adult sex offenders incarcerated in Quebec, Canada from 1994-2000. Analyses were conducted on offenders age 36 and over (n = 242). Official criminal activity was measured at: (a) 18-23 years; (b) 24-29 years; (c) 30-35 years; and, (d) 36 + years.Results
Cox proportional hazards modeling shows stronger evidence for state dependence, suggesting changeability in risk over time.Conclusions
Support was found for both offending continuity and discontinuity, or a mixed model of offending. Current actuarial risk assessment tools for adult sex offenders do not accommodate for the inclusion of state dependent and life-course processes, which could have implications for the potential overestimation of offender risk. 相似文献715.
Legal clarity is important to understand and measure because of its connection to the rule of law. We provide the first systematic examination of the clarity of Supreme Court opinions and discover five important results. First, certain justices systematically craft clearer opinions than others. Justices Scalia and Breyer write the clearest opinions, while Justice Ginsburg consistently writes the most complex opinions. Second, ideology does not predict clarity in majority or concurring opinions. Third, all justices write clearer dissents than majority opinions, while minimum winning coalitions produce the clearest majority opinions. Fourth, justices across the board write clearer opinions in criminal procedure cases than in any other issue area. Finally, opinions that formally alter Court precedent render less clear law, potentially leading to a cycle of legal ambiguity. 相似文献
716.
The inquest into the death of Kerrie Wooltorton in Norfolk, England, ignited extensive public debate on the scope of the common law right to refuse medical treatment where a patient is distressed, depressed or actively suicidal. In Australia, a patient's wishes need not be honoured if the patient is not legally competent, if he or she falls within the ambit of the compulsory treatment provisions in the mental health legislation, and possibly also if there is a recognised public interest in preventing suicide which is sufficient to override the patient's choice. This article argues that decisions about whether to give medical treatment despite an apparent refusal should be based solely on a determination of the patient's competence to make their own choice. However, the test for legal competence must take into account the person's agency in making the decision, and decisions which will effectively end the person's life must be shown to be thought through. 相似文献
717.
Joanna M. Lee Laurence Steinberg Alex R. Piquero George P. Knight 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(1):23-37
Ethnic identity development can play a role in youths’ perceptions and attitudes concerning police, but this process has not
been explored in delinquent samples. In this article, we examine how youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy and levels of
legal cynicism are related to processes of ethnic identity development. Participants were 561 black youth ages 14–18 (12%
female) who were adjudicated of a felony or serious misdemeanor. Data were taken from semi-annual interviews conducted over
3 years. Increased ethnic identity exploration was related to positive perceptions of police legitimacy and lower legal cynicism.
Higher ethnic identity affirmation predicted higher perceived legitimacy over time, but affirmation was not related to legal
cynicism after accounting for psychosocial maturity. This study provides evidence that ethnic identity development operates
similarly among high risk youth as in non-delinquent samples, and that it is connected to beliefs that can have implications
for juvenile offenders’ future compliance with the law. 相似文献
718.
Previous research suggests that school-based and electronic victimization have similar negative consequences, yet it is unclear
whether these two contexts offer overlapping or unique associations with adolescents’ adjustment. 802 ninth-graders (43% male,
mean age = 15.84 years), majority being Caucasian (82%), completed measures assessing the prevalence of school and electronic
victimization, as well as self-reports on self-esteem, self-efficacy, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and locus of control.
Results revealed that the majority of adolescents did not report being victimized in either the electronic (75.3%) or the
school (72.9%) context. Victimization in both contexts was associated with lower self-esteem and self-efficacy as well as
higher stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and locus of control. Importantly, even after controlling for school-based victimization,
electronic victimization remained as a significant predictor for all outcome measures. Different types of electronic victimization
were also associated with different psychological outcomes. The findings suggest that it is important to distinguish between
victimization contexts and specific adjustment outcomes as school and health officials continue to battle the effects of peer
victimization. 相似文献
719.
In recent years, there has been increased research focus on dating violence, producing important information for reducing these violent relationships. Yet Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are often hesitant to approve research on dating violence, citing emotional distress of participants as a possible risk of participation. However, no known research has examined the reactions of research participants to questions about dating violence. The current study examined the reactions among college students to completing a self-report measure on dating violence. Results showed that participants reported numerous positive experiences as a result of their research participation, with only mildly increased negative emotional reactions evident for some. Findings are discussed in relation to IRB proposals and appropriate informed consent for research participants. 相似文献