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271.
Lu Gram Joanna Morrison Naomi Saville Shyam Sundar Yadav Bhim Shrestha Dharma Manandhar 《发展研究杂志》2013,49(8):1670-1686
Participatory learning and action women’s groups (PLA) have proven effective in reducing neonatal mortality in rural, high-mortality settings, but their impacts on women’s agency in the household remain unknown. Cash transfer programmes have also long targeted female beneficiaries in the belief that this empowers women. Drawing on data from 1309 pregnant women in a four-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial in Nepal, we found little evidence for an impact of PLA alone or combined with unconditional food or cash transfers on women’s agency in the household. Caution is advised before assuming PLA women’s groups alone or with resource transfers necessarily empower women. 相似文献
272.
273.
How the recent U.S. foreclosure crisis affected federal housing mobility programs has not been well studied. This article explores the crisis’s impact on low-income renters receiving Section 8 vouchers in Phoenix, Arizona. We find that (a) 8% of voucher holders lived in homes that underwent foreclosure, (b) they were in comparably affluent neighborhoods, and (c) most eventually moved after foreclosure. Yet, those who moved after foreclosure were not overtly disadvantaged in the housing market. This unexpected finding may be explained by the opening up of new housing opportunities for voucher holders as foreclosures in more affluent areas were converted to rentals. Overall, this research suggests that the foreclosure crisis did not adversely affect the Section 8 program’s goal of deconcentrating poverty in Phoenix and may have even advanced it—a dynamic potentially occurring in other formerly booming and economically distressed Sunbelt regions. 相似文献
274.
International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique - This article addresses the issue of linguistic phenomena which, as a legacy of the centuries-old... 相似文献
275.
Anne R. Pierce 《Society》2014,51(1):68-86
Looking at Egypt before, during and after the Arab Spring, this paper examines the intersection of Christian Copts, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian army, moderate Muslims and secular groups. In turn, it examines the Obama administration’s policies toward Egypt. It discloses the surprising finding that the only consistent aspect of the administration’s policy toward Egypt has been outreach to and engagement with the Muslim Brotherhood. At no time before or after the Brotherhood’s ascent to prominence in Egyptian politics and society did the administration make support of the Brotherhood conditional. At no time did it use US leverage - given the massive amount of financial and military aid Egypt was depending on, and given the new Egyptian government’s desire for prestige in the world community–to pressure the Morsi government to respect human rights, religious liberty and the impartial rule of law. Arguing that American foreign policy at its best is rooted in democratic ideals, this paper asks whether the United States, while respecting that Egyptians must choose their leaders and their political system, could have done more to encourage a positive strategic, moral and political outcome. 相似文献
276.
Purpose
Two competing theories explain the link between past and future criminal behavior: population heterogeneity and state dependence. Actuarial models of risk prediction emphasize static variables, akin to population heterogeneity. State dependence, has never been tested with similar populations.Methods
Using survival modeling this study examines both population heterogeneity and state dependence using a sample of adult sex offenders incarcerated in Quebec, Canada from 1994-2000. Analyses were conducted on offenders age 36 and over (n = 242). Official criminal activity was measured at: (a) 18-23 years; (b) 24-29 years; (c) 30-35 years; and, (d) 36 + years.Results
Cox proportional hazards modeling shows stronger evidence for state dependence, suggesting changeability in risk over time.Conclusions
Support was found for both offending continuity and discontinuity, or a mixed model of offending. Current actuarial risk assessment tools for adult sex offenders do not accommodate for the inclusion of state dependent and life-course processes, which could have implications for the potential overestimation of offender risk. 相似文献277.
Greg Ridgeway Anthony A. Braga George Tita Glenn L. Pierce 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2011,7(1):103-109
The objective of this study was to assess whether targeting new gun buyers with a public safety message aimed at improving
gun law awareness can modify gun purchasers’ behaviors. Between May 2007 and September 2008, 2,120 guns were purchased in
two target neighborhoods of the City of Los Angeles. Starting in August 2007, gun buyers initiating transactions on odd-numbered
days received a letter signed by prominent law enforcement officials, indicating that law enforcement had a record of their
gun purchase and that the gun buyer should properly record future transfers of the gun. The letters arrived during buyers’
10-day waiting periods, before they could legally return to the store to collect their new gun. Subsequent gun records were
extracted to assess the letter’s effect on legal secondary sales, reports of stolen guns, and recovery of the gun in a crime.
An intent-to-treat analysis was also conducted as a sensitivity check to remedy a lapse in the letter program between May
and August 2007. The letter appears to have no effect on the legal transfer rate or on the short-term rate of guns subsequently
turning up in a crime. However, we found that the rate at which guns are reported stolen for those who received the letter
is more than twice the rate for those who did not receive the letter (p value = 0.01). Those receiving the letter reported their gun stolen at a rate of 18 guns per 1,000 gun-years and those not
receiving the letter reported their gun stolen at a rate of 7 guns per 1,000 gun-years. Of those receiving the letter, 1.9%
reported their gun stolen during the study period compared to 1.0% for those who did not receive the letter. The percentage
of guns reported stolen in these neighborhoods is high, indicating a high rate of true gun theft, a regular practice of using
stolen-gun reports to separate the gun buyer from future misuse of the gun, or some blend of both. Simple, targeted gun law
awareness campaigns can modify new gun buyers’ behaviors. Additional follow-up or modifications to this initiative might be
needed to impact the rate at which guns enter the illegal gun market and ultimately are recovered in crimes. 相似文献
278.
Joanna M. Lee Laurence Steinberg Alex R. Piquero George P. Knight 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(1):23-37
Ethnic identity development can play a role in youths’ perceptions and attitudes concerning police, but this process has not
been explored in delinquent samples. In this article, we examine how youths’ perceptions of police legitimacy and levels of
legal cynicism are related to processes of ethnic identity development. Participants were 561 black youth ages 14–18 (12%
female) who were adjudicated of a felony or serious misdemeanor. Data were taken from semi-annual interviews conducted over
3 years. Increased ethnic identity exploration was related to positive perceptions of police legitimacy and lower legal cynicism.
Higher ethnic identity affirmation predicted higher perceived legitimacy over time, but affirmation was not related to legal
cynicism after accounting for psychosocial maturity. This study provides evidence that ethnic identity development operates
similarly among high risk youth as in non-delinquent samples, and that it is connected to beliefs that can have implications
for juvenile offenders’ future compliance with the law. 相似文献