Indian NGO challenges penal code prohibition of "unnatural offences"

On 7 December 2001, the Naz Foundation (India) Trust (NFIT), a non-governmental organization based in New Delhi, filed a petition in the Delhi High Court to repeal the "unnatural offences" section of the Indian Penal Code that criminalizes men who have sex with men.     

Bullet Caliber and Type Categorization from Gunshot Wounds in Sus Scrofa (Linnaeus) Long Bone

Studies on ballistic trauma to the ribs and thorax, cranium, and long bones demonstrate the potential of obtaining a bullet caliber from an entrance wound. In order to validate prior research on caliber estimation in bone tissue and assess the viability of bullet type determination based on the macroscopic evidence at the entrance wound, thirty fleshed pork (Sus scrofa) shoulders (humeri) were shot with either lead or copper jacketed bullets in one of three calibers; 0.22, 9 mm, or 0.38. Overall, our findings are consistent with previous research indicating that calibers can be grouped into “small” and “large” categories. Bullet type, lead or copper jacket, can be ascertained based on cortical flaking and the analysis of materials deposited around the entry wound. The addition of this evidence holds value in cases where no firearm or ballistic evidence is recovered from a crime scene.     

Some considerations related to environmental influence assessment†

Abstract. In recent years many segments of society in Canada and elsewhere have expressed concern that environmental factors have not received sufficient consideration in project and program planning. The ‘environmental impact statement’ procedure, which stems from the US National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, provides the basis of a currently popular conceptual framework for evaluating the environmental effects of projects and programs. This approach, however, can lead to piece-meal planning which does not facilitate a co-ordinated assessment of environmental influences at all stages and levels in the decision-making process. In addition, the imprecise concept of the term ‘environment’ the lack of generally acceptable evaluation techniques, and the unavailability of an adequate number of qualified personnel to prepare accurate impact statements is an open invitation to frequent and lengthy litigation as well as the unnecessary proliferation and growth of administrative review institutions. Environmental information is but one input into a planning process. It should be available at all levels in this process and not confined solely to a single statement in the late planning stages. A variety of procedures are available to ensure that environmental information can be incorporated into a planning process. These can be grouped under two headings: (1) resource evaluation techniques; and (2) resource classification techniques. Techniques in the former group are often oriented towards the analysis of the landscape for a single use. Moreover, they often combine socio-economic considerations with biophysical ones and this limits the future interpretative value of the acquired information. Classification techniques provide environmental information within a holistic ecological framework which permits trained diagnosticians to make inferences about ecological processes as they relate to proposed programs. Canadian scientists have been at the forefront in developing ‘total landscape’ classification techniques. It would appear that this is the area where Canada could most profitably concentrate its efforts to provide a basis for ensuring that environmental information is incorporated at all levels in any given planning process. Sommaire. Ces dernières années, au Canada comme ailleurs, bien des groups de la société se sont dits inquiets du trop peu d'attention accordée à l'environnement dasn la lanification des travaux et des programmes. La méthode des “états sur les effets environnementaux”, qui découle de la loi américaine de 1969 sur la politique nationale en matière d'environnement, constitue le fondement d'un cadre conceptuel actuellement très employé pour l'évaluation des effets des travaux et programmes sur l'environnement. Cette méthode peut cependant mener à une planscation fragmentaire, qui ne rend que plus diffcile l'évaluation coordonnée des effets environnementaux à tous les niveaux et étapes de prise de décision. En outre, l'imprécision du terme “environne-ment”, le manque de techniques d'évaluation convenables et la péurie de personnel qualifié pour évaluer les effets environnementaux sont autant de portes ouvertes aux fréquentes et longues disputes et à la prolifération et la croissance inutiles d'institutions administratives de révision. L'information sur l'environnement n'est qu'un des éléments du processus de planification; elle devrait être présentée à tous les niveaux de ce processus, et non pas être limitée à un simple rapport présenté aux derniers stades. Il existe une game de méthodes permettant de faire entrer l'information sur l'environ-nement dans le processus de planification; on peut les regrouper sous deux rubriques: (1) techniques J'évaluation des ressources et (2) techniques de classification des ressources. Les premières techniques sont souvent axées sur l'étude du paysage dans un but unique. De plus, ella combinent souvent les considérations socie-économiques aux bio-physiques, ce qui a pour effet de limiter la valeur d'interprétation future de l'information recueille. Les techniques de classification offrent de l'information sur l'environnement à l'intérieur d'un cadre écologique holistique. Ce dernier permet aux spécialistes des diagnostics de faire des inférences sur les relations existantes entre les processus écologiques et les programmes. Les scientistes canadiens ont étéà l'avant-garde du développement des techniques de classification du e paysage total. Il semble que ce soit le secteur où le Canada pourrait le plus profitablement concentrer ses efforts, de façon à s'assurer que l'information touchant l'environnement soit incorporée à tous les niveaux de chaque processus de planification.     

Unhoused women in Niagara: Lived expertise of homelessness in community-engaged research

How do we apply a gender lens to the housing needs of vulnerable women? The YWCA Niagara Region (YWCA) asked this question. Brock University's Niagara Community Observatory (NCO) partnered with the YWCA to identify the barriers to accessing safe and affordable housing in Niagara, with priority placed on community engagement and inclusive access to housing. The article has a two-fold purpose. First, it provides an overview of community-engaged research, focusing on the key principles and practices involved in listening to stories of women with lived expertise of homelessness facing discrimination or disadvantage compounded by intersectional identities of Indigeneity, race, gender and ability. Second, it reports on the making of a policy brief and video clip designed as advocacy tools for increasing awareness of the need for increased equitable access to safe and affordable housing for women and gender diverse peoples in Niagara.     

Politically valued resources and preferred outcomes: Does the political context matter?

Previous research has concluded that ownership of economic resources that are politically valued leads to preferential outcomes during interactions with government officials. However, how the political context, and specifically the roles of the government actors involved, influences the relationship between political valued resources (PVRs) and desired outcomes has to date been relatively unexplored. In our paper, we argue that in interactions with elected legislators, PVRs are much more likely to lead to preferential outcomes. Conversely, due to the lack of power these resources have with bureaucrats in charge of regulatory enforcement, PVRs are less likely to lead to preferential outcomes. We provide some support for our arguments by looking for shifting patterns of effects in outcome variables that typically fall under the jurisdiction of each political role type. We find that large firms, export firms, and technology firms largely report having favorable influence over laws and regulations due to lobbying and increased foreign ownership, while also spending more days in inspections and more managerial time dealing with regulations.