The ‘masterpieces of the twentieth century’ festival and the congress for cultural freedom: Origins and consolidation 1947–52

The Congress for Cultural Freedom was established in June 1950 in West Berlin with the intention of solidifying anti‐communist opinion among Western intellectuals. Despite much having already been written on its history and its relationship with the CIA, there remains a lack of clarity over its early years concerning the extent of the CIA role and the degree to which a coherent ‘strategy’ existed. This article concentrates on the various individuals and groups who were involved in the Congress' origins, and how its purpose and method was consolidated by means of its first major venture after Berlin, the ‘Masterpieces of the 20th Century’ festival held in Paris in May 1952.     

Lewin on Trusts

Lewin on Trusts has long been an important resource for lawyersengaged in advising or litigating about trusts. Having beenresurrected in 2000 after a gap of 36 years by John Mowbrayand his team with the 17th edition, it now emerges in its 18thedition this year in a yet more comprehensive and expanded form.As anyone who has written any part of any legal text will readilybe able to discern, a very great deal of time and attentionhas clearly been devoted to it by its authors for which manyof us with less energy and application can only be grateful. As the authors’ preface to the new edition makes clear,they have not merely brought the new edition up to date withlegal developments over the last 8 years, substantial work thougheven that has