Motivating the uninvolved worker: some conceptual and empirical observations

This paper focuses on the issue of whether less involved workers are affected by conventional management practices such as group involvement, merit pay, and participative management. The findings suggest that while these management practices have some influence on the performance of uninvolved employees, that uninvolved employees are behaviorally distinct from more actively involved workers. As a consequence, it may be prudent for managers in the public sector to develop management practices and approaches specifically designed to stimulate low involvement employees.     

Democratic legitimacy and the ec:crossing the rubicon

Democratic legitimacy in the European Community has usually been seen in limited terms as a problem of securing the election of the European Parliament by direct, universal, manhood suffrage. The issue is more complex and multi-faceted. Legitimacy is contested and divided between the supranational and national levels of government. It is conditional and evolutionary. It is expressed through the dispute over the appropriate balance of power and exercise of authority among the key supranational decisionmaking institutions and the argument over the issue of decisionmaking appropriateness, efficiency, transparency and accountability. The article concludes that the continuing problem of democratic legitimacy inheres in the EC's crisis of political authority; that the new provisions introduced through the Maastricht process may de-legitimize rather than reinforce legitimacy; and that the new Treaty provisions are an essential but not sufficient precondition to remedying the democratic deficit and democratic legitimacy.     

Notes on contributors

Internal security and judicial cooperation in the EC have developed outside the framework of the treaties in the past. The completion of the Single Market and the provisions of the Maastricht treaty make effective cooperation among the Twelve and EC and other bodies on these issues imperative. This article looks at the EC's security competence; the scope of internal security policy; asylum and immigration; operational issues and security cooperation within Schengen and with Central and Eastern Europe. It concludes that streamlining the multiplicity of bodies engaged in similar activities is imperative.     

Appendix I: Glossary

All the First Minister's Men: The Truth Behind Holyrood. By D. Black. Edinburgh: Birlinn 2001. Pp.237, £7.99. ISBN 1841581674.

New Scotland, New Politics. By A. Brown, J. Curtice and L. Paterson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 2001. Pp.206, £14.99 ISBN 1902930258.

The Scottish Electorate. By A. Brown and D. McCrone. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1999. Pp.200, £17.99 (paper) ISBN 0333725263; £47.50 (cloth) ISBN 0333725255.

Politics and Society in Scotland. By A. Brown, A.D. McCrone and L. Paterson. Basingstoke: Macmillan 1998. Pp.288, £15.50, ISBN 0333747089.

The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000. By T. Devine. London: Allen Lane 1999. Pp.720, £9.99, ISBN 0140230041.

Scotland's Shame? Bigotry and Sectarianism in Modern Scotland. Edited by T. Devine. Edinburgh: Mainstream 2000. Pp.240, £9.99, ISBN 1840183306.

The Road to Home Rule: Images of Scotland's Cause. By C. Harvie and P. Jones. Edinburgh: Polygon 2000. Pp.224, £11.99 ISBN 190293010X.

Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. By J. Hearn. Edinburgh: Polygon 2000. Pp.233, £16.99, ISBN 1902930169.

Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century. By I.G.C. Hutchison. Basingstoke: Palgrave 2001. Pp.208, £14.50 (paper) ISBN 0333588754; £45 (cloth) ISBN 0333588746.

Scottish Government and Politics. By P. Lynch. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 2001. Pp.248, £14.95, ISBN 0748612874.

After Britain: New Labour and the Return of Scotland. By T. Nairn. London: Granta 2000. Pp.336, £8.99, ISBN 1862073228.

Crisis in the Classroom. By L. Paterson. Edinburgh: Mainstream 2000. Pp.192, £7.99, ISBN 1840184205.

Scotland Reclaimed: The Inside Story of Scotland's First Democratic Parliamentary Elections. By M. Richie. Edinburgh: Saltire Society 2000. Pp.224, £10.99, ISBN 0854110771.

An Important Matter of Principle. By D. Seawright. Dartmouth: Ashgate 1999. Pp.236, £47.50, ISBN 1840140666.

Imagine: A Socialist Vision for the 21st Century By T. Sheridan and A. McCombes. Edinburgh: Rebel Inc. 2000. Pp.272, £7.99, ISBN 1841950564.

Open Scotland? Journalists, Spin Doctors and Lobbyists. By P. Schlesinger. Edinburgh: Polygon 2001. Pp.318, £15.99, ISBN 1902930282.

The Scottish Parliament. By B. Taylor. Edinburgh: Polygon 1999. Pp.266, £12.99, ISBN 1902930126.

Year Zero: An Inside View of the Scottish Parliament. By M. Watson. Edinburgh: Polygon 2001. Pp.221, £12.99, ISBN 1902930266.

Scotland: The Challenge of Devolution. Edited by A. Wright. Dartmouth: Ashgate 2000. Pp.282, £42.50, ISBN 0754612546.     

The Morphology of Fecal and Regurgitation Artifacts Deposited by the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina Fed a Diet of Human Blood

Fly feces and regurgitation deposits may be mistaken for bloodstain patterns at a crime scene, potentially compromising event reconstruction and/or misdirecting police resources. In some instances, these artifacts contain sufficient human biological material to generate a full DNA profile, sometimes 2 years after deposition. Clearly, it is important that investigators can make the distinction between artifacts and bloodstains. This study examined 6645 artifacts deposited on a smooth, nonporous surface after Lucilia cuprina were fed human blood. Artifacts were also compared with bloodstains on a variety of other surfaces. Both similarities and differences were found between artifacts and bloodstains, highlighting the need for an identification system to assist personnel with little training in bloodstain pattern analysis. The morphology of the artifacts has been described so that these deposits may be more clearly distinguished from bloodstains, targeted by crime scene personnel as potential sources of human DNA, and/or identified as potential evidence contaminants. Flowcharts have been devised to facilitate the analysis.     

Rehabilitating Retributivism

This review essay of Victor Tadros’s new book, “The Ends of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law,” responds to Tadros’s energetic and sophisticated attacks on retributivist justifications for criminal punishment. I argue, in a nutshell, that those attacks fail. In defending retributivism, however, I also sketch original views on two questions that retributivism must address but that many or most retributivists have skated past. First, what do wrongdoers deserve – to suffer? to be punished? something else? Second, what does it mean for them to deserve it? That is, what is the normative force or significance of valid desert claims, either with respect to retributivist desert in particular or with respect to all forms of desert? Because the answers that this essay offers are preliminary, the essay also serves as a partial blueprint for further work by criminal law theorists with retributivist sympathies.     

Devolution and party change: Candidate selection for the 1999 Scottish parliament and Welsh assembly elections

The article analyses the candidate selection procedures of each of the major parties in the run‐up to the 1999 Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly elections, assessing the extent to which they reveal developments in party democratisation and decentralisation on the one hand, and evidence of countervailing central control on the other. Procedural innovations achieved greater openness in candidate nomination and gender balance in candidatures but developments in democratisation were contested and evidence of decentralisation was mixed. Surveys of candidates reveal a perception in the Labour Party that there was too much central influence, although its implications differed in Scotland and Wales. There were perceptions of unfairness and lack of internal democracy in the other parties as well, suggesting in particular a contradiction between central influence in all of the parties’ approaches to list selection and candidates’ expectations of such influence diminishing. Devolution, therefore, released tensions in all parties.     

Oran Young and international institutions

Current understandings of global environmental governance owe much to the numerous theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions of Oran Young. Over the course of 50 years, Young has created many of the theories and typologies we use to explain why international environmental institutions form and what types of effects they have and the conditions under which they have them. His contributions have been central to the development of the concepts of institutional dynamics, interplay, and scale. He has made major contributions to environmental policy globally and in the Arctic, both through his own work and by fostering the work of other scholars. This article summarizes the contributions Young has made to the field and introduces the articles in this special issue that honor those contributions.     

Casuistry,Commentary and Killing Cattle: Transgressing Notional Borders of Belonging

In 2011, ABC Television’s Four Corners broadcast “A Bloody Business”. The program’s confronting subject was the live cattle trade to Indonesia, and in particular, disturbing slaughtering practices. Notable was repeated use of the phrases “Australian cattle”, “Australian livestock” and “Australian animals”. The inference was that these were “our” cattle, some of which suffered shockingly cruel deaths. The implicit nationalism informing the program’s emotional provocation begs the question in what sense were the cattle, an introduced cloven-hooved domesticated animal, Australian? This raises related questions: if cattle are “ours”, why not other exotic flora and fauna, and what of settlers and more recent immigrants too? After briefly discussing this program, the paper considers a range of different engagements with Australian landscapes. Of principal interest are affinities to landscape based on social organisation. Pivotal to this are notions of lifescapes and emotional geographies. These notions form the foundation for following discussion on several disparate entanglements with landscape. The discussion ranges across cattle, pastoralists, Aborigines, water buffalo, other exotic flora and fauna, kangaroo shooters, shearers and immigrant responses to national parks. In doing so, the paper explores the vexed issue of who and what can be included in the embrace of Australian nativeness.