Isolation and characterisation of a novel sildenafil analogue adulterant,desmethylpiperazinyl propoxysildenafil,in a dietary supplement

A new sildenafil analogue was detected during routine screening of dietary supplements suspected to be adulterated with an erectile dysfunction drug(s) using HPLC-DAD. The UV spectrum of this compound was highly similar to that of sildenafil and almost identical to that of desmethylpiperazinyl sildenafil. The analogue was purified by using semi-preparative HPLC and structurally elucidated by performing mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic experiments. The spectral data revealed that this sildenafil analogue bears an n-propoxy group instead of an ethoxy group and possesses no methylpiperazinyl moiety. The isolated compound, structure of which was further confirmed by spectral comparison with synthetic one, was thus named as desmethylpiperazinyl propoxysildenafil.     

Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900

Abstract

Scholars in the field of international relations tend to treat the contemporary Asian system as if it emerged fully formed from nothingness in the post-World War II and post-colonial era. This essay explores a major historical epoch—the Asian international system from 1300 to 1900. During that time, the Asian international system was both intensive and extensive, in both interactions and relations between Asian states. Thus, understanding and incorporating this system into our theories of international relations is critical. To date, scholars have rarely described the main features of this system. In this article, I attempt such a task, and will also draw implications for mainstream international relations theories. In short, the research in this essay reveals that the historical Asian international system was stable and hierarchic in nature. The main theoretical finding is an alternative to the balancing proposition. That is, the findings in this article present a major empirical challenge to the argument that balance of power is a recurrent phenomenon across time and geography. Furthermore, this article shows that hierarchy may be more stable than balancing as an organizing principle in international relations.     

Hierarchy and Legitimacy in International Systems: The Tribute System in Early Modern East Asia

The East Asian “tribute system” from 1368 to 1841 comprised an enduring, stable, and hierarchic system, with China clearly the hegemon, in which cultural achievement was as important as economic or military prowess. Most significant is the recognition that the Chinese tributary order was in fact a viable and recognized international system with military, cultural, and economic dimensions that all intersected to create a very interesting and stable security system. Recently it has become fashionable in historical circles to question the viability of the tributary system in part because scholars have become increasingly aware of the realties behind Chinese rhetoric. However, more nuanced studies and new interpretations only serve to underscore the centrality of the system for its participants. This paper demonstrates that there is a hierarchical relationship—generated by a common culture defined by a Confucian worldview—in place in the context of China and the East Asian states and helps clarify the distinction between an international system based on polarity and an international society based on culture.     

The Reliability of Lie Detection Performance

We examined whether individuals’ ability to detect deception remained stable over time. In two sessions, held one week apart, university students viewed video clips of individuals and attempted to differentiate between the lie-tellers and truth-tellers. Overall, participants had difficulty detecting all types of deception. When viewing children answering yes–no questions about a transgression (Experiments 1 and 5), participants’ performance was highly reliable. However, rating adults who provided truthful or fabricated accounts did not produce a significant alternate forms correlation (Experiment 2). This lack of reliability was not due to the types of deceivers (i.e., children versus adults) or interviews (i.e., closed-ended questions versus extended accounts) (Experiment 3). Finally, the type of deceptive scenario (naturalistic vs. experimentally-manipulated) could not account for differences in reliability (Experiment 4). Theoretical and legal implications are discussed.     

治安行政权客体的若干基本问题

传统的治安管理学将治安管理的各项业务概括为几种被管理的对象,这种观点直观粗浅,不能涉及管理主体与管理客体的内在联系。"权利与义务"视角从治安管理实践中主客体关系的复杂性入手,从而扩大视野,从而弥补了传统定义法上外延不周延的问题。     

我国保安处分立法化的根据

我国学界对保安处分应否立法化问题尚未达成共识 ,笔者赞同我国保安处分立法化。在归纳并评析我国保安处分立法化反对论的立论及其根据的基础上 ,论证保安处分立法化的实践必要性根据和理论必要性根据 ,以及理论可行性根据和实践可行性根据     

论我国社会保障法体系的完善

新中国的社会保障立法经历了曲折发展,1978年党的十一届三中全会后,我国的社会保障立法也得以恢复,并随着我国改革开放的深入不断发展。如今,我国在养老、医疗、失业保险以及社会救济等方面都制定了规范性文件作为改革和推进社会保障制度的依据,在社会福利、社会优抚等方面也制定了一系列法规和政策,初步奠定了与社会主义市场经济相适应的社会保障法的基本框架。但从整体来看,我国社会保障立法工作仍然滞后,远远不能满足社会主义市场经济和社会保障事业发展的要求。我国的社会保障立法应采取以社会保障基本法为龙头,单行法律法规为主导,相关法律为补充的立法模式。为此,应采取分步走的办法,目前首先应抓紧制定<中华人民共和国社会保险基本法>。     

透视“黑恶势力”

黑社会性质组织犯罪和各种黑恶势力犯罪严重影响到我国的社会治安和社会主义市场经济的正常运行,是我国目前必须解决的一个社会问题.本文主要论述存在于我国的黑恶势力的犯罪学上的概念,黑恶势力犯罪的基本状况及其严重社会危害性,重点论述中国农村的黑恶势力犯罪,而要从根本上抑制、消除黑恶势力,首要的是要加强党政干部的廉正建设,铲除充当黑恶势力保护伞的腐败政府官员.     

需求分析视角下《警察公共关系》课程体系优化路径探析

基于需求分析视角,通过调查问卷方式对警察公共关系课程的课程设置现状与需求情况进行了调查研究,目的是了解在校学生对该课程的认知与需求情况,以期构建持续优化的警察公共关系课程体系,更好的服务警察公共关系理论研究与教学研究,从而实现新形势下警务人才培养的目标。     

科技价值系统的失谐与矫正——关于社会主义核心价值体系建设的思考

科技价值系统由科技的工具理性系统和价值理性系统组成。前者指科学和技术两个层面的含义及其功能,后者指科技对于社会主体的多方面意义和价值(理性认知、探索创造、经济利益、社会道德等价值)。科技价值系统的失谐对于社会主义核心价值体系建设具有重要影响,因此必须重视剖析并矫正其当前工作存在的诸种失谐现象,实现科技价值系统的和谐统一及其与社会其他价值系统的和谐统一。