Public affairs and political strategy: theoretical foundations

During the past two decades there have been hundreds of articles published within the broad topic of business political strategy, many of them rigorous and innovative. This paper presents a review and assessment of the theoretical bases of extant research, focusing on three broad research questions: Why do firms participate in the political process? What strategies and tactics do firms employ? What are the limitations on firms' capacity for rational action in the political arena? Research in political strategy has been informed by interest group theory, collective action theory, public choice theory, transaction costs theory, game theory, resource dependence theory, institutional theory, agency theory, the behavioural theory of the firm, business strategy, and population ecology. The paper concludes with a plea to scholars to conduct research in this area which is explicitly and consistently grounded in broad theories of social science. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications     

A cognitive therapy treatment program for repeat DUI offenders

Driving under the influence is a devastating problem in the United States, killing almost 17,000 people in 2005. The present article describes a cognitive treatment program aimed at repeat drinking and driving offenders. Sixty-three participants were court mandated to the four-month outpatient treatment program. Before entering and after completing treatment, participants were administered self-report instruments measuring alcohol problems, readiness to change, self-esteem/efficacy, and criminal thinking patterns. Additionally, arrest histories were examined. Findings suggested that participants were characterized not only by repeated arrests, but elevated blood alcohol content and high levels of self-reported alcohol dependency and problem-drinking behaviors. The majority of clients expressed a readiness to change their drinking and driving behaviors with 87 percent graduating from the program. A DUI recidivism rate of 13 percent was found for graduates of the program at a twenty-one month follow-up. The results demonstrate that the treatment program is a valuable tool in the battle to reduce criminal recidivism.     

Men,women, and persons

Abstract. Like the rest of the work world, the Canadian public service was designed as a system of manpower utilization. Achievement in the world of work has, in industrial societies, been more than a masculine pursuit: it has been a basic criterion of manliness. It is not surprising that the civil service has refused to accept women on the same grounds as men for most of its history, nor is it surprising that some of the barriers erected in earlier years have been institutionalized in the current structure. Throughout history we have concentrated and elaborated on the differences between men and women, but the tide of social change set in motion by the industrial revolution has led to a situation where it may make life easier to stress our similarities as human beings rather than our differences as men and women. The traditional roles of women have lost much of their absorptive capacity and meaning, so more and more women will move into jobs that have in the past been defined as male. As they do so, the traditional roles of men also lose meaning: it is hard for achievement to symbolize manliness when women also achieve. But if we were to recognize that both male territory and female territory are quite limited, we could move on to the territory of common humanity and to the opportunities it offers not only to find meaning but to create it. Sommaire. Comme le reste du monde du travail, la function publique canadienne a été conçue pour être un système d'utilisation de la main-d'euvre masculine. Dans les sociétés industrielles, les réalisations dans le monde du travail ont été plus qu'une activité masculine: elles ont été Ie critère fondamental de la masculinité. Il n'est done pas surprenant que la fonction publique ait refusé d'accepter les femmes sur la même base que les hommes pendant la plus grande partie de son existence et il n'est pas étonnant non plus que certains des obstacles égés au départ aient été institutionalisés dans les structures actuelles. Pendant toute notre histoire, nous avons insisté et élaboré sur les différences entre hommes et femmes mais l'évolution sociale dont la révolution industrielle a été raponsable, a créé une situation dans laquelle la vie est simplifiée si I'on insiste sur nos similarités en tant qu'êtres humains plutôt que sur nos différences en tant qu'hommes et que femmes. Les rôles traditionnels des femmes one beaucoup perdu de leur caractère absorbant et de leur sens, et des femmes de plus en plus nombreuses occuperont des posts qui avaient été définis autrefois comme étant des occupations masculines. Du même coup, les rôles traditionnels des hommes perdent leur signification: il est difficult de faire da réalisations le symble de la masculinité lorsque les femmes en ont aussi à leur crédit. Si toutefois nous reconnaissons que le territoire masculin, comme le territoire féminin, sont très limités, nous pourrons envisager le territoire commun de l'humanité et les occasions qu'il nous offer non seulement de trouver un sens à notre vie mais de lui en donner un.     

Mining Electronic Health Records Data: Domestic Violence and Adverse Health Effects

Intimate partner violence (IPV) often culminates in acute physical injury, sexual assault, and mental health issues. It is crucial to understand the healthcare habits of victims to develop interventions that can drastically improve a victim’s quality of life and prevent future abuse. The objective of this study is to mine de-identified and aggregated Electronic Health Record data to identify women’s health issues that are potentially associated with IPV. In this study we compared health issues of female domestic abuse victims to female non-domestic abuse victims. The Domestic abuse population contained 5870 patients, while the Non-Domestic Abuse population contained 14,315,140 patients. Explorys provides National Big Data from the entire USA. Statistical analysis identified 2429 terms as significantly more prevalent among victims of domestic abuse, compared to the general population. These terms were classified into broad categories, including acute injury, chronic conditions, substance abuse, mental health, disorders, gynecological and pregnancy related problems.     

Legal Accountability in the Service-Based Welfare State: Lessons from Child Welfare Reform

Current trends intensify the longstanding problem of how the rule of law should be institutionalized in the welfare state. Welfare programs are being redesigned to increase their capacities to adapt to rapidly changing conditions and to tailor their responses to diverse clienteles. These developments challenge the understanding of legal accountability developed in the Warren Court era. This article reports on an emerging model of accountable administration that strives to reconcile programmatic flexibility with rule-of-law values. The model has been developed in the reform of state child protective services systems, but it has potentially broad application to public law. It also has novel implications for such basic rule-of-law issues as the choice between rules and standards, the relation of bureaucratic and judicial control, the proper scope of judicial intervention into dysfunctional public agencies, and the justiciability of "positive" (or social and economic) rights.     

A Test of Sex Estimation in Subadults Using the Elevation of the Auricular Surface from Four Samples of Known Age and Sex

Biological sex is foundational to the work of forensic anthropologists and bioarcheologists. The lack of reliable biological sex estimation methods for subadults has, thus, greatly limited forensic and bioarcheological analyses. Auricular surface elevation showed promise as a subadult sex estimation method in previous studies. This study examined two auricular surface elevation evaluation methods on four subadult samples of known age, sex, and ancestry. Samples were scored as “male,” “female,” or “indeterminate” and results were examined with chi‐square analysis. No consistent sex estimation pattern, accuracy, or predictive value was produced between samples. Only one test was significant using Fisher's exact test analysis (FET = 7.501, p < 0.022): the composite approach on the Hamann‐Todd sample. While age, sample size, or developmental factors may play a role in these results, clearly sample variation does as well. This study found auricular surface elevation was not a useful subadult sex estimation method.     

Metric Assessment of the Pubic Bone Using Known and Novel Data Points for Sex Estimation,

Biological sex estimation of skeletal remains is essential in forensic and archaeological analyses. Anthropologists most often use the pelvis, which is the most sexually dimorphic element both morphologically and metrically. While nonmetric pubic bone features have been studied extensively, few metric studies have examined this individual bone for dimorphism. For this study, three observers examined three previously identified and ten novel measurements of the pubic body on a modern sample of isolated pubic bones from the Maricopa County Forensic Science Center (FSC), in Phoenix, Arizona (n = 400). A relationship between pubic body measurements and biological sex was demonstrated, with significant correlations. Discriminant function analyses found that five measurements, four of which were novel, discriminated between males (89%) and females (86%). Observer experience level did not significantly impact the results. These five measurements were reliable and show promise for inclusion in metric methods for assessment of sex.     

Depressive Symptomatology and Program Efficacy: Examining a Program to Improve Communication in Community Families

Destructive conflict is linked with adjustment problems over time, putting families at risk even when conflict behaviors have not reached levels of clinical concern. The Family Communication Project (FCP) is a psychoeducational program designed to improve communication in families with adolescent children. The present study examines the role of depression in program efficacy over time. Data were collected across four time points, assessing aspects of marital and family conflict, adolescent emotional security, and depressive symptoms in mothers, fathers, and adolescents. Results indicated improvements in conflict strategies for families who received the psychoeducational program (relative to controls), and point to a role of depressive symptomatology in adolescents in relation to treatment outcomes.