A new biochemical method for estimation of postmortem time.

Hypoxanthine (Hx) is formed by hypoxic degradation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and might be elevated due to antemortem hypoxia. However, it also increases after cessation of the life processes. Until now measurements of potassium in corpus vitreous humor have been used by forensic pathologists to determine postmortem time. In this study the influence of postmortem time and temperature on vitreous humor Hx and potassium levels were compared. Repeated sampling of vitreous humor was performed in 87 subjects with known time of death and diagnosis. The bodies were kept at either 5 degrees C, 10 degrees C, 15 degrees C or 23 degrees C. Hx was measured by means of HPLC and potassium by flame photometry. In 19 subjects from whom samples were obtained within 1.5 h after death, the normal level of Hx could be estimated to be 7.6 mumol/l and that of potassium to be 5.8 mmol/l. The spread of the potassium levels measured shortly after death was much greater than for the corresponding Hx levels. In the four temperature groups the Hx level increased 4.2, 5.1, 6.2 and 8.8 mumol/l per h, respectively, whereas the corresponding figures for potassium were 0.17, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 mmol/l per h. The vitreous humor concentration of both Hx and potassium increases fairly linearly after death. The slopes are steeper with increasing temperature. Since the scatter of the levels is greater for potassium than for Hx, the latter parameter seems to be better suited for the determination of time of death in cases without antemortem hypoxia, especially during the first 24 h.     

Technology transfer to the hardwood industry: Testing new strategies

The National Agricultural Library and the Extension Service, US Department of Agriculture, are collaborating on a technology-transfer strategy with the hardwood industry. The strategy is based on the premises that 1) industry associations can serve as vehicles for identifying industry-wide needs, 2) non-traditional research bases are fertile sources of alternative technologies, 3) technology agents can uncover existing technologies and evaluate the feasibility of commercializing them, and 4) state-of-the-art reports and promotion of new cost-saving technologies provide industry with new products and new processes. He has been a program director for Public Technology, Inc. and the executive director of the Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer. Dr. Maher is the current president of the Technology Transfer Society's Washington, DC, Chapter.     

Quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.

A simple and sensitive method is described for quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine in blood, serum, urine and tissue homogenate. The chlorpromazine cation radical produced by adding perchloric acid and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone to the sample can be detected by the ESR method at room temperature. The sensitivity limit is 10 ng, that is, 20 microliters of the solution containing 0.5 microgram chlorpromazine/ml. The time needed for the measurement is within 10 min. The chlorpromazine radical thus produced is very stable; for example, 95% of the radical was observed after 24 h. The advantage of this method is discussed by comparing with the ordinary spectrophotometry which requires the purification of the sample.     

Evidentiary value of the contents of hollow-point bullets

The fortuitous recovery of material trapped within the cavity of a hollow-point bullet at autopsy was demonstrated to be of evidentiary value. Analysis of this material, as well as that from hollow-point bullets from test-firings, showed that the contents, especially if in multiple layers, could be correlated with the series of intermediate targets perforated. In the case presented, this aided investigators in determining how many bullets actually struck the victim. Frequently displaced, especially if distortion of the hollow point has occurred, this tidbit of trace evidence is worth recovering and analyzing.