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111.
This article analyses the accusations that have emerged since2001 of predatory behaviour during the presidency of FrederickT. Chiluba (1991–2001). It advocates a detailed analysisof the practices that have come to light in order to move beyonda generalized interpretation of the persistence of predatoryelites in Africa. Three specific themes appear. First, thereis a danger of oversimplification of these conflicts as betweenthe international community and national governments. The politicalstruggles tend to be more complicated than generally presented,and international involvement meshes with local political struggles.Second, predatory behaviour or corruption is a social processthat is embedded in wider national and international networks.It is therefore difficult to locate culpability exactly in clearlydesignated protagonists. Third, there is a danger of imputingan economic and political rationality to this behaviour whichmay best be designated as theft. The overall theme of the articleis that there are important national cultural influences inthe way these predatory practices are dealt with. These areobfuscated by a blander critique identifying partial reformthat leaves predatory elites untouched. 相似文献
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When Fairness is Especially Important: Reactions to Being Inequitably Paid in Communal Relationships 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
This article focuses on when justice is especially important to people and, in doing so, explores the social conditions under
which the importance of justice may change in social interactions. More specifically, the authors examine how different types
of relationships affect evaluations of equitable and inequitable situations. It is argued that when people are confronted
with friends as interaction partners, as opposed to unknown others, they are motivated to attend to the needs of their friends
(Clark & Mills, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12–24, 1979) and, therefore, they are not only concerned with their own outcomes, but also with their friends’ outcomes.
As predicted on the basis of this line of reasoning, two experiments demonstrate that when people’s interaction partners are
friends, people are indeed more satisfied with being underpaid and less satisfied with being overpaid compared to when their
interaction partners are unknown others. In the discussion, it is argued that these findings suggest that justice is especially
important to people when they are in communal relationships.
相似文献
Kees van den BosEmail: |
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Abstract: The most accurate and precise methods for the assessment of age and stature often require knowledge of sex. Thus, being able to correctly identify sex from skeletal remains is critical in the forensic context. The presence of the os coxae or skull can never be guaranteed, making the development of reliable methods of sex estimation using other skeletal elements necessary. Using a 724 individual calibration sample from the Hamann‐Todd collection, this study identifies sexual dimorphism in the human scapula, and presents a new five‐variable discriminant function for sex estimation. The overall accuracy of this method proved to be 95.7% on the cross‐validated calibration sample, 92.5% on an 80 individual test sample from the Hamann‐Todd collection, and 84.4% on a 32 individual test sample from the skeletal collection of the Wichita State University Biological Anthropology Laboratory. Additionally, a slightly less accurate two‐variable model was developed and has cross‐validated accuracy of 91.3%. 相似文献
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Apart from its role in the Moscow show trials during 1936 – 38, the Military Collegium of the USSR Supreme Court under V.V. Ul'rikh also tried some 40,000 ‘enemies of the people’ behind closed doors, sentencing most of them to death. These pseudo-trials of no more than a few minutes took place in prisons or NKVD offices in Moscow or (through the Collegium's assizes) provincial centres. There was no serious investigation of the evidence, and the court turned a blind eye to apparent cases of torture. The judges personally attended executions, occasionally even participating in them. The punishments had been determined beforehand by the political leadership under Stalin by way of lists, with the Military Collegium only ‘legalising’ the sentences. The defendants originated from the Soviet elite. The aim of this article is to throw more light on this side of the Collegium's activities, mainly based on archival sources. The article suggests that this quasi-legal procedure was adopted by the leadership under Stalin, in preference to purely administrative measures, because it was considered to be less likely to endanger the elite's loyalty.
118.
Nerina Jansen 《Communicatio》2013,39(2):34-40
SUMMARY This article sets out to show that and how the researcher's theoretical approach, that is, the view of communication that derives from his/her ontological, anthropological and epistemological assumptions, determines decisions concerning research design and the application of the findings. Two contrasting theoretical approaches, viz. functionalism and phenomenology, are discussed and the consequences of their assumptions for the execution of research illustrated with reference to two empirical studies. The most important issue arising from their contrary positions concerns the truthfulness of research findings. While phenomenologists maintain that findings must be validated by respondents' agreement that their experience of reality has been truthfully expressed, functionalists argue that research must produce general patterns that may be presented by means of predetermined categories. It is finally suggested that the ongoing debate concerning suitable theoretical approaches is of vital importance to researchers since it highlights their ethical responsibility. 相似文献
119.
This article focuses on how people infer the justness of events they encounter. Earlier justice research typically asked participants
explicitly for their justice judgments. More recent research provided evidence for the possibility of spontaneous judgment
inferences. The present research extends this study in three important ways: it provides strong evidence that (1) spontaneous
social justice inferences can occur in multiple research paradigms, (2) these inferences constitute a process separate from
spontaneous general evaluation of valence, and (3) spontaneous justice inferences covary with individual differences in sensitivity
to justice. We provide evidence for these three conclusions by means of important implicit measurement research paradigms
that we specifically tailored to study justice inferences: the probe recognition paradigm and the grid-relearning paradigm.
We discuss the implications of our findings for both the literatures on justice and spontaneous inferences. 相似文献
120.
Kees van den Bos Joost Miedema Riël Vermunt Frederike Zwenk 《Social Justice Research》2011,24(1):6-24
Building and extending on justice theories and work on self-regulation, the current paper proposes a self-activation hypothesis
of affective reactions to fair and unfair events, stating that in circumstances in which people’s selves are activated, stronger
affective reactions to fair and unfair events are more likely, compared to circumstances in which people’s selves are not
or less strongly activated. Findings of two experiments indeed show that simply activating the self (supraliminally or even
subliminally) amplifies affective reactions to fair and unfair procedures (Experiment 1) and fair and unfair outcomes (Experiment
2). These findings thus reveal the important role of activation of the self for understanding fairness reactions. In the discussion,
we note the relevance of our self-activation hypothesis for insights into different accounts formulated in the justice domain. 相似文献