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101.
ABSTRACTRadio played a paradoxical role in the Cold War, embraced both as a key tool for propaganda warfare as well as for promoting peace and understanding. Women, too, played paradoxical roles both in radio and on the world stage. In this paper we will attempt to explore these intersecting paradoxes in a transnational perspective by focusing on The International Association of Women in Radio and Television, founded in 1951. This international network of women provides insights into how women broadcasters viewed radio and themselves in the global ideological struggles of the Cold War. Exploring the organization's international networking practices, its positioning within international women's movements, as well as their conceptions of the relationship between women and radio, we show how in each of these arenas, despite a belief in a universal womanhood and striving for a global organization, the organization can be seen falling into the emerging Western camp of the Cold War. 相似文献
102.
This article discusses the relationship between law and socialchange in connection with the child's right to participate indecisions on residence. The empirical data are drawn from asurvey of parents who have arranged shared residence for theirchildren. In line with earlier research on children's participationin court disputes over contact and residence, we found thatthe age of the child is decisive regarding the degree of influencethey have in private agreements. But, surprisingly, it was foundthat the educational level of the parents had a major impacton children's participation in decisions about shared residence.When we controlled for gender it turned out that highly educatedfathers were least likely of all parents to report that thechild had been taken into a co-decision process. This resultmight add a new dimension to our understanding of the relationshipbetween law and social change. 相似文献
103.
Ann‐Kristin Kölln 《European Journal of Political Research》2015,54(4):707-725
On election day, voters’ commitment is crucial for political parties, but between elections members are an important resource for party organisations. However, membership figures have been dropping across parties and countries in the last decades. How does this trend affect parties’ organisation? Following classics in party politics research as well as contemporary organisational theory literature, this study tests some of the most longstanding hypotheses in political science regarding the effects of membership size change. According to organisational learning theory, membership decline should induce an expansion of the party organisation. However, threat‐rigidity theory and the work of Robert Michels suggest that parties are downsizing their organisation to match the decline in membership size. To test the hypotheses, 47 parties in six European countries (Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom) are followed annually between 1960 and 2010 on key organisational characteristics such as finances, professionalism and complexity. A total of 1,922 party‐year observations are analysed. The results of multilevel modelling show that party membership decline triggers mixed effects. Declining membership size induces the employment of more staff, higher spending and a higher reliance on state subsidies. At the same time, it also triggers lower staff salaries and a reduction in the party's local presence. The findings indicate that today's parties are targeting an organisational structure that is custom‐made for the electoral moment every four years. Faced with lasting membership decline, the party organisation retracts its organisational resources and focuses more on election day. Members matter to parties, but votes matter more. 相似文献
104.
105.
Netherlands International Law Review - 相似文献
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108.
Johannes Alexeew Linda Bergset Kristin Meyer Juliane Petersen Lambert Schneider Charlotte Unger 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2010,10(3):233-248
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows industrialised countries to use credits from greenhouse gas abatement projects
in developing countries in order to fulfil their own emission reduction commitments. There has been mounting evidence that
the CDM’s ability to fulfil its goals as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol—contributing to the sustainable development of the
host countries and delivering real, measurable and additional emission reductions—is less than satisfactory. In this article,
an evaluation is made of CDM projects’ likelihood of being additional by assessing the impact Certified Emission Reductions
have on the Internal Rate of Return of the individual projects. In addition, the projects’ sustainable development benefits
are assessed by using a multi-criteria analysis. In a final step, the relationship between the projects’ additionality and
sustainability contribution is assessed and a trade-off between these two CDM goals is established, revealing a potential
inherent conflict in how the current mechanism works. The analysis is based on a systematic evaluation of 40 registered CDM
projects in India. 相似文献
109.
Abstract Sexual harassment research was first undertaken in the workplace and educational settings. Research on sexual harassment in sport is scarce but has grown steadily since the mid-1980s. Even so, very little is known about the causes and/or characteristics and/or consequences of sexual harassment in sport settings. This article reports on the findings from interviews with 25 elite female athletes in Norway who indicated in a prior survey (n = 572) that they had experienced sexual harassment from someone in sport. The consequences of the incidents of sexual harassment that were reported were mostly negative, but some also reported that their experiences of sexual harassment had had no consequences for them. ‘Thinking about the incidents’, a ‘destroyed relationship with the coach’, and ‘a more negative view of men in general’ were the most often negative consequences mentioned. In addition, a surprising number had chosen to move to a different sport or to drop out of elite sport altogether because of the harassment. 相似文献
110.
H?kan?StattinEmail author Margaret?Kerr Therése?Skoog 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(10):1271-1287
Girls’ early pubertal timing has been linked in many studies to behavioral problems such as delinquency and substance use.
The theoretical explanations for these links have often involved the girls’ peer relationships, but contexts have also been
considered important in some explanations. By integrating two theoretical models, the peer-socialization and the contextual-amplification hypotheses, we propose a contextual framework for explaining the link between early pubertal timing and external problem
behavior in girls. We hypothesize that early developing girls engage in unhealthy, dangerous, and risky behavior under contextual
conditions that promote access to older friends and opposite-sex relationships. Under other conditions it is less likely.
We tested this integrated hypothesis in two studies conducted in Sweden. The first was a cross-sectional study with information
about school and free-time friends in a community sample (N = 284). Early pubertal timing was linked to having older, more
normbreaking friends outside of school, but not in school, thus suggesting that the school context interferes early-developing
girls’ selection of older peers. The second study involved both a longitudinal (N = 434) and a cross-sectional sample of girls
(N = 634), where we examined a leisure setting that is known to attract delinquent youth. Results showed that early pubertal
timing was most strongly linked to delinquency for girls who spent time in this context and were heavily involved with boys
and peers. In sum, results from both studies supported our predictions that certain contexts would amplify the peer-socialization
effect. Overall, we conclude that the integrated peer-socialization/contextual-amplification model satisfactorily explains
the link between pubertal timing and external problem behavior. 相似文献