Has PPS increased Medicare expenditures on physicians?

We use data from 1983 and 1985 on the volume of Medicare physician services to analyze whether Medicare's Prospective Payment System (PPS), which resulted in a significant decline in hospital spending, led to a partially offsetting increase in real expenditures for physician services. We also analyze the effect of increases in assignment rates, increasing incomes of the elderly, and other factors on real expenditures during this period. Our main conclusion is that PPS has at most a small positive effect on real physician expenditures. Because people spent less time in the hospital, Medicare physician spending declined; but because of incentives to shift radiology and other services out of the hospital, some of this decline was offset. We also conclude that the sharp increase in Medicare assignment rates over this period, along with the rising incomes of the elderly during this period, contributed to the observed growth.     

关于中国企业开拓俄建筑市场的思考

现在，中国建筑企业主要作为装修工程的分包商进入俄罗斯市场，也有一些中国建筑企业开始承包工程，完成土石工程和构件安装。为了提高中国建筑企业在俄的竞争力，降低企业经营风险，进一步扩大市场份额，中俄两国政府有关部门应在建筑工程企业资质互认、市场监管、质量监督等方面加强合作，提供工程建设全程服务。     

长征在马克思主义中国化进程中的历史作用

中国工农红军的长征,对于马克思主义中国化来说无疑有着深刻的影响,它推动中国共产党人进行了深刻的理论思考,使他们认识到将马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合的重要性,从而加速了马克思主义中国化的历史进程。长征的胜利,不仅使党和红军从危机中获得了新生,改变了中国革命的面貌,也充分展示了中国共产党人的崇高理想和英雄气概。     

A modification of the microplate method for reverse ABO typing of bloodstains and additional validation studies

The results of additional validation studies of a sensitive microplate hemagglutination assay for ABO reverse grouping of bloodstains are presented. The results of the validation study demonstrate the reliability of the microplate assay for use in routine serological casework. Based on these studies, the microplate assay has now replaced the Lattes crust test for ABO reverse grouping of bloodstains in the FBI Laboratory.     

Acidic and neutral drugs screen in blood with quantitation using microbore high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection and capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detection

Blood previously acidified with aqueous saturated ammonium chloride solution was extracted with ethyl acetate. The dried extract was subjected to acetonitrile–hexane partition. The acetonitrile portion was analysed for the presence of acidic and neutral drugs by HPLC–DAD (200 mm×2.1 mm I.D. microbore ODS-Hypersil column) and GC–FID (25 m narrow-bore×0.25 mm I.D. HP-5 column with 0.33 μm film thickness). The protocol was found to be suitable for both clinical toxicology (including emergency toxicology) and postmortem toxicology. At least 66 drugs of interest were unequivocally identified by RRTs (HPLC) and UV spectra (DAD) match while another 12 were unequivocally identified by double RRTs match (HPLC and GC). Quantitation was facilitated by incorporating calibration blood standards in each assay batch. The five drugs most commonly encountered in clinical blood specimens (1150 cases) were: paracetamol (47.4% of the cases); chlormezanone (6.6%), theophylline (1.74%), naproxen (1.65%) and mefenamic acid (1.56%). The following drugs were detected in toxicologically significant quantities in postmortem blood specimens (245 cases): phenobarbitone (1.22% of the cases), naproxen (0.82%), chlormezanone (0.82%), theophylline (0.82%), carbamazepine (0.41%) and paracetamol (0.41%).     

贺怡之死

贺怡，毛泽覃的妻子，贺子珍的妹妹。１９２７年同哥哥贺敏学、姐姐贺同时当选为永新县临时县委委员，后一直在南方坚持游击战争，一度与党联系。西安事变时，她重新与组织接上关系，后被国民党反动派逮捕，她自杀以示共产党员的气节，但她奇迹般地活了下来。在延安，毛泽东为她术单上签了字，手术后，她的胃只剩下三分之一，人也瘦得只有８０多斤，仍然不倦地工作着。东北全境解放前夕，贺子珍带着毛岸青和李敏从苏联回国，住在哈尔１９４９年５月，毛泽东派人到哈尔滨把毛岸青和李敏接到自己身边，但没让珍同往。这一年，毛泽东见到了贺怡…     

心中装着孩子们的音乐家——记麦新及其儿童歌曲创作

“大刀向鬼子们的头上砍去……”这首不朽的歌曲，在如火如荼的抗日战争中，曾经激励着中华民族的优秀儿女英勇奋战在抗日的最前线。这首歌的作者麦新的名字也随着歌声不胫而走。然而，麦新在抗日战争中为教育千百万儿童大众所创作的儿童歌曲和创作思想却鲜为人知。麦新，原名孙默心。,-,.年出生于上海的一个小资产阶级的家庭。,-/0年中学二年级时，因父亲逝世而辍学。为求生路，他白天去拾煤渣，捡破烂。夜晚则借着路灯自学。,-/-年考取了“美亚保险公司”为职员。,-1/年,月/2日，日寇进攻上海的炮声震撼了他年轻的心灵。他毅然放弃公司职…     

与时俱进与马克思主义的生命力

马克思主义的与时俱进的理论品质使马克思主义具有强大的生命力;只有以与时俱进的态度去对待马克思主义,才能使马克思主义显示出强大的生命力;新形势下要保持马克思主义的强大生命力,就必须在实践“三个代表”中坚持与时俱进。