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31.
TERENCE P. THORNBERRY ALAN J. LIZOTTE MARVIN D. KROHN MARGARET FARNWORTH SUNG JOON JANG 《犯罪学》1994,32(1):47-83
Three theoretical models of the interrelations among associations with delinquent peers, delinquent beliefs, and delinquent behavior are examined. The socialization model views delinquent peers and beliefs as causally prior to delinquent behavior, whereas the selection model hypothesizes that associations with delinquent peers and delinquent beliefs are a result of delinquent behavior. The interactional model combines aspects of both the socialization and the selection models, positing that these variables have bidirectional causal influences on one another over time. Data to test for reciprocal causality are drawn from three waves of the Rochester Youth Development Study. Results suggest that simple unidirectional models are inadequate. Associating with delinquent peers leads to increases in delinquency via the reinforcing environment of the peer network. Engaging in delinquency, in turn, leads to increases in associations with delinquent peers. Finally, delinquent beliefs exert lagged effects on peers and behavior, which tend in turn to “harden” the formation of delinquent beliefs. 相似文献
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The City of Mississauga is located on the western boundary of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, Canada. As a municipality it is undergoing rapid urban growth, pressure from citizens to keep the taxes down, political pressure to reorganize the surrounding municipal areas, rapidly changing technology, increasing competition for economic development and increasing demands for high level services from its citizens. This article will indicate how, in the face of the challenging demands of the '90s, the city is making a significant shift in the ‘culture’ of the organization. The City is moving from a traditional style of management emphasizing control to one that stresses leadership and empowerment of the workforce. It involves changing from a hierarchical bureaucracy to an organization that is more flexible, responsive, innovative and creative with a strong customer focus. To meet the demands of this shifting culture there needs to be a highly skilled workforce. There are a number of initiatives in the City to accomplish this ‘cultural shift’. This article deals with the continuous learning aspect called Capability Development, focusing on Team Effectiveness, Continuous Improvement and Customer Service. We developed two phases for the learning. Capability Development Phase I outlined the concepts and tools for managers at all levels to be able to support the learning required to accomplish the ‘cultural shift’. Phase I included the City Strategic Plan, Management Strategy and Human Resources Vision and practical management tools. Phase II was designed for front line staff working in their ‘intact teams’. It incorporates the concepts and tools from Phase I and is being delivered by trained volunteer facilitators within the City. We will discuss the process, the results and learnings we have discovered on our journey. 相似文献
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MARGARET D. STETZ 《Women's Studies: An inter-disciplinary journal》2013,42(8):957-978
Christine Parker's 1993 live-action short begins with music, the kind of repetitive, slow, percussion-heavy, saxophone-dominated score usually associated with low-budget porn. The film's opening visual, however, is a close-up not of the expected soft flesh, but of the skin of a soft fruit. Lest the viewer miss the joke-i.e., that the rounded, indented, rosy surfaces on display are not attached to a human body at all-the main title Peach appears, underlining the witty substitution. As the exaggeratedly sensual music continues, there is a long dissolve to a fixed frame shot of green background foliage, while a truck drives into view and approaches the camera. The front grille soon fills the screen, as does the truck's license plate, which remains in sight for several seconds. It reads "PF 9037." 相似文献
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MARGARET MAURER-FAZIO 《当代中国》2006,15(47):215-231
Data from a 1999–2000 survey of urban workers are employed here to examine the role of education and other factors in both preventing lay-offs and obtaining re-employment. The data are also used to compare the effect of education on the earnings of re-employed workers to that of workers who have never been laid off. The empirical results demonstrate that by the late 1990s education had become a key determinant of successful labor market outcomes. The more education a worker had, the less likely he or she was to be laid off. Similarly, the more education a worker had, the better his or her chances of finding new employment once laid off. Interestingly, the education of workers who experienced a lay-off and then found new employment was rewarded more, in terms of incremental earnings for each additional year of schooling, than that of continuously employed workers. 相似文献
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MARGARET COLE 《The Political quarterly》2009,80(Z1):S117-S125
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R. LANCE SHOTLAND SCOTT C. HAYWARD CARLOTTA YOUNG MARGARET L. SIGNORELLA KENNETH MINDINGALL JOHN K. KENNEDY MICHAEL J. ROVINE ED WARD F. DANOWITZ 《犯罪学》1979,17(1):34-45
Three variables were hypothesized to cause a fear of crime and a potential change in behavior. These were: (1) crimes against a person rather than crimes against property; (2) a crime committed in an area frequented rather than a crime occurring in an area one never entered; (3) a recurring crime rather than a crime that occurred once. Two different samples of female subjects (n = 249) were approached at their residences and were asked to read one of a number of fictitious crime stories that the news media supposedly had not reported and to complete two scales measuring: (1) an emotional response to crime and (2) a potential behavioral response to crime. The results indicate that a physical assault produces both more fear and more potential behavioral change than a burglary. A crime that occurs eight times causes people to consider taking precautions in comparison to a crime that occurs once. There is some evidence that a crime in an area one frequents causes more fear than a crime occurring in an area one never enters. 相似文献
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