A Discourse Called China and the PRC’s Foreign Policy and Diplomacy

On the basis of the premise that China, besides being a powerful civilization and state, is also a powerful discourse, this essay will set forth, as a preliminary analytical step, a plausible definition of the ‘Chinese mind’ by describing certain essential characteristics that have been forged in China’s classical culture and thought. When placed in the more creative sphere of discourse construction, these essential characteristics become ideological compounds of the here theorized ‘discourse called China’, whose impact is weighed up as the focal analytical point in the discursive space of the PRC’s foreign policy and diplomacy.     

Government termination in multilevel settings. How party congruence affects the survival of sub-national governments in Germany and Spain

ABSTRACT

Past studies on government survival in parliamentary democracies have been limited to national governments. However, most societies live in a multilevel polity where different policies are decided at distinct governmental layers. So far, the conditions triggering sub-national governments’ termination have remained unexplored. Our paper makes a twofold contribution to the literature. First, we explicitly focus our analysis on the sub-national government level. Second, we expand the analytical scope by assuming a multilevel setting, in which the survival of sub-national governments is dependent on both the party composition of the national government (vertical congruence) and their sub-national peers (horizontal congruence). We test the impact of both congruence measures on the early termination risk of regional governments. Our analysis is complemented by including “traditional” factors from national government termination literature, such as structural attributes of governments and their bargaining environment, into empirical modelling. Analysing a novel dataset on 494 regional governments in Germany and Spain we find that the risk of sub-national government termination is related to varying levels of vertical congruence. Furthermore, we find interesting explanatory variation between the two countries with regard to the effect size of economic performance, regional authority and congruence.     

猪 犬和兔胃黏膜分区及黏膜皱褶的分布特征

采用胃外翻充盈观察法、全胃切开观察法和方格测试面积法对猪、犬和兔胃黏膜分区和黏膜皱褶分布进行了比较解剖学研究。结果显示,猪的贲门腺区和胃底腺区比较大,幽门腺区比较小;犬和兔的胃底腺很大,幽门腺区比较小,贲门腺区很小。猪和兔胃底腺区的颜色比较深,幽门腺区的颜色比较浅;犬的贲门腺区和胃底腺区的颜色差别不大。猪、犬和兔贲门腺区和幽门腺区的黏膜皱褶相似;猪的贲门腺区和胃底腺区的黏膜皱褶差别不大;猪和兔胃底腺区的黏膜皱褶相似;犬的胃底腺区发达,黏膜呈脑沟脑回状。猪、犬和兔胃小弯附近区域的黏膜与贲门腺区、胃底腺区和幽门腺区的黏膜有移行关系,可视为移行区。胃黏膜分区及黏膜皱褶分布的研究为动物胃的生理学和病理研究提供了基础资料。     

Validation of the Attitudes About Aggression in Dating Situations (AADS) and the Justification of Verbal/Coercive Tactics Scale (JVCT) in Spanish Adolescents

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of two instruments that assess attitudes justifying use of aggression in adolescents?? dating relationships: the Attitudes About Aggression in Dating Situations (AADS) and the Justification of Verbal/Coercive Tactics Scale (JVCT). The sample was made up of 2,856 adolescents from different high schools of Madrid. Results supported the three-factor structure for the AADS and the six-factor structure for the JVCT, which was consistent with the theory and with previous research. As expected, the relation between attitudes and aggressive behavior was between small and moderate but significant in most cases. Furthermore, attitudes differed depending on the type of violence, the respondent??s sex, and on whether aggression is carried out by a man or a woman. Finally, the potential applications of these two scales are discussed, and it is concluded that both constitute useful tools to assess justification of aggression in dating relationships in young couples.     

Asylum seekers and informed consent--European perspective

For centuries, people of various nationalities from various States have sought asylum for varied reasons. These people seeking asylum can need medical care in the host country. In this article I would like to discuss to what extent informed consent is needed, and to what extent informed consent must be sought. The problem is discussed from the perspective of European international documents, mainly on those of the Council of Europe.     

疱疹病毒UL24基因及其编码蛋白的研究进展

对疱疹病毒UL24基因的序列特点、编码蛋白的特点、基本功能以及UL24基因编码蛋白与疱疹病毒调节蛋白ICP27、细胞周期蛋白B/Cdc2复合体、UL12蛋白和胸腺激酶的相互作用进行了总结。旨在阐明UL24蛋白在病毒毒力、病毒复制、核仁素的散布和细胞膜融合方面发挥着重要作用;疱疹病毒UL24基因属于晚期基因,是疱疹病毒基因组特定长区中的一个核心基因。     

禽分枝杆菌副结核亚种保护性抗原的研究进展

为了给副结核病新型疫苗研究中抗原的选择提供参考,综述了超氧化物歧化酶和巯基过氧化物酶等酶类、热休克蛋白、抗原85复合物及其他一些抗原在激发实验动物细胞和体液免疫中所发挥的作用,同时总结了在实际应用中可供借鉴的经验。     

猪巨细胞病毒SC株DNA聚合酶基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

为克隆出猪巨细胞病毒SC株DNA聚合酶(DPOL)基因并对其进行分析,根据GenBank中的DPOL基因序列(AF268040)设计了1对引物,用PCR法扩增出猪巨细胞病毒SC株DPOL基因,将其克隆到T载体,测序并进行生物信息学分析。测序结果表明,猪巨细胞病毒DPOL基因全长3 024bp,为一个完整ORF,共编码1 008个氨基酸;与参考毒株的核苷酸同源性为98%,系统进化树表明猪巨细胞病毒与人疱疹病毒6型和7型关系最近;运用生物信息学软件推导出该蛋白的基本性质,并预测出高级结构。成功地进行了猪巨细胞病毒SC株DPOL基因的克隆和生物信息学分析,为今后此基因生物学功能和猪巨细胞病毒复制机理的研究以及病毒系统分类工作提供了参考。     

The impact of research and technology organizations on firm competitiveness. Measurement and determinants

The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of research and technology organizations (RTO) on firm competitiveness. To this end, we develop a framework that includes strategies to deal with the methodological problems highlighted in the literature. The main features of this framework are the definition and classification of different types of impacts, the estimation of (rough) quantitative measures of them and the development of a multivariate model to explain the different impacts including the traditional indicators of firm characteristics and their relationships. The empirical work is based on a database constructed from information from the responses to a questionnaire designed specifically to estimate the impact of RTOs on Spanish firms, and information from the Spanish Innovation Survey. Our findings show that firms are able to recognize the influence of these relationships on different technical, economic, investment and intangible impacts and to roughly estimate their economic impact, and that several characteristics of these relationships affect the impact of RTOs.     

Claiming the Right to Health in Brazilian Courts: The Exclusion of the Already Excluded?

The aim of this article is to test a widespread belief among Brazilian legal scholars in the area of social rights, namely, the claim that courts are an alternative institutional voice for the poor, who are usually marginalized from the political process. According to this belief, social rights litigation would be a means (supposedly “a better means”) of realizing rights such as the right to health care, since supposedly both the wealthy and the poor have equal access to the courts. To probe the consistency of this belief, we analyzed the socioeconomic profiles of plaintiffs in the city of Sao Paulo (Brazil) who were granted access to specific medications or medical treatments by judicial decisions. In this study, the justiciability of social rights has not proven to be a means of rendering certain public services more democratic and accessible.