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221.
Routines, the habitual and predictable behavior patterns of an organization, play central roles in both maintaining organizational
performance and in adapting such performance to changing conditions. Deadlines interact with routines in important ways in
influencing the course of organizational adaptation. This paper examines the role of routines and deadlines in influencing
change in a regulatory program. It describes the adaptation of routines in the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) water
pollution and pesticide programs in response to pressures and deadlines imposed by Congress, the courts, and the White House.
The programs analyzed offer contrasting glimpses of the effects of routines on organizational change. Routines may be collective
and shared by the members of an organization or unique to the specific groups or subgroups within it. When the organization
primarily has widely-shared routines, few options will be perceived; consequently, collective routines tend to blunt the impact
of pressures for change. On the other hand, routines that become fragmented, diverse, and individual in the face of repeated
external pressures may facilitate change. 相似文献
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In recent years, the concept of sustainable development has received renewed attention. As global resources shrink and needs continue to grow, the staying power of development impact is becoming central concern of both governments and donors. Recent studies have shown that only a small percentage of projects throughout the world have achieved sustainability, and the need for improving the long-term vitality of development investments is growing. No area in the world has shown more need of this than Africa. This paper outlines a conceptual approach for analyzing sustainability and synthesizes the lessons learned from the application of this model in recent field work. The model is based on the theory that two preconditions must exist before sustainability can occur: 1 ) commitment to long term sustainable development; and 2) beneficiary and stakeholder involvement via incentives which support achieving sustainability . Fieldwork-based recommendations to enhance sustainability include: 1) understand the long-term incentive structure that drives the project; 2) identify performance targets and communicate results early-on; 3) identify long-term recurrent costs and funding options; 4) build in flexibility to the project plan; 5) build-in ways for participants to support and “take ownership” of the project; 6) use local resources, both human and physical, and keep technologies simple; and 7) use marketing strategies to reinforce perceived, satisfactory benefits of the project. Case examples of successful African projects from West Africa, Burkina Faso and Kenya illustrate the application of the sustainability concepts. In the context of these illustrations, the sustainability framework appears useful for understanding and analyzing sustainability and provides a necessary addition to thinking about development projects and programs. 相似文献
225.
Marcus Mietzner 《Democratization》2013,20(2):209-229
As Egypt and Tunisia begin difficult democratic transitions, comparative political scientists have pointed to the world's largest Muslim nation, Indonesia, as a role model. Seen as a stand-out exception from the global recession of democracy in the pre-2011 period, Indonesia has been praised as an example of a stable post-authoritarian polity. But a closer look at Indonesia's record in recent years reveals that its democratization is stagnating. As this article demonstrates, there have been several attempts to roll back reforms introduced in the late 1990s and early 2000s. While not all of these attempts have been successful, Indonesia's democratic consolidation is now frozen at 2005–2006 levels. However, the reason for this democratic stasis, the article argues, is not related to Diamond's notion of societal dissatisfaction with bad post-authoritarian governance. Opinion polls clearly show continued support for democracy despite citizen disgruntlement over the effectiveness of governance. Instead, I contend that anti-reformist elites are the main forces behind the attempted roll back, with civil society emerging as democracy's most important defender. This insight, in turn, questions the wisdom of the decision by foreign development agencies – in Indonesia, but other countries as well – to reduce their support for non-governmental organizations and instead intensify their cooperation with government. 相似文献
226.
ABSTRACTThe current paper examined the association between childhood sexual victimization (CSV) and constructs thought to be relevant for sexual offending in secondary analyses of three samples of adult males who committed sexual offences against children (N?=?16, 28, and 20). Compared to participants who reported no CSV, those who reported CSV exhibited slightly to moderately more cognitive distortions and moderately to largely less negative evaluations of sexual offending against children; slightly to moderately higher self-esteem, positive evaluation of people who commit sexual offences, and identification with people who commit sexual offences against children; and much more emotional congruence with children. Our findings suggest that CSV may be associated with variables presumed to play a role in sexual offending against children. However, given the small sample sizes and other limitations of our studies, our evidence does not permit conclusions regarding causal relationships and any novel findings require replication. 相似文献
227.
Karin Verlaine Rhodes Catherine L. Kothari Steven C. Marcus Catherine Cerulli 《Journal of family violence》2011,26(5):355-364
Successful criminal or civil legal system response to assaults against intimate partners (intimate partner violence; IPV)
usually rely on the victim’s participation in the legal process, including having contact with the prosecutor, filing charges,
and/or applying for an order of personal protection. Using data abstracted from criminal and civil legal system records for
a county-wide cohort of 990 female IPV victims over a 4-year period, we examine the impact of having children, and of specific
child factors, on victims’ engagement with the criminal prosecution of their abusive partners and/or seeking a personal protection
order (PPO) in the civil court system. Having children increased victim’s contact with the prosecutor and applications for
PPOs, but did not increase her likelihood of wanting to file or drop charges. Findings support prior work suggesting both
the importance and complexity of children on mothers’ decision-making. Policy makers and service providers may want to assess
survivors’ thoughts about the role children play in their decision-making. Additionally, by offering survivors interventions
to help their children address the impact of IPV exposure, survivors may be more willing to engage with services. 相似文献
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Nigerian Police is charged with the responsibility of upholding the law and ensuring order is kept within the polity. It is however observed that the police in carrying out its functions constantly abuses the rights of the citizens which are considered as natural rights and very fundamental to every human existence. This study aims at examining the roles of the police in Nigeria and the various ways and the rights of citizens are being encroached upon by the said police. The legal standards prescribed for the operations of Nigerian police are measured against the international standards as a parameter in order to determine the weak points of the Nigerian standards. Suggestions are therefore made on how Nigerian police can be more humane in carrying out its functions. 相似文献