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171.
172.
John K. Cochran Max L. Bromley Lisa V. Landis 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1999,14(1):43-65
Across occupations of every form, including those in criminal justice, administrators, managers, and supervisors frequently
introduce changes to the structure and/or processes of the work environment. These changes may be seen as necessary to enhance
worker productivity, but may be viewed by some workers as an unwanted disruption to their routines. Should employees interpret
changes in such a manner, they can, and often do, negate these reforms. Employee work orientations (i.e., philosophical approaches
toward work) undoubtedly play a role in such an interchange because they influence both how employees behave on the job and
how they perceive their job. The move toward community-oriented policing constitutes a major paradigm shift to the practice
of law enforcement. This structural and procedural change to the routines of policing could be perceived as threatening to
those law enforcement officers whose work orientations are inconsistent with the philosophical foundation of community-based
policing. The presence of a sufficient number of such officers could doom this movement to failure. This study uses survey
data collected from a sample of sheriff’s deputies involved in an agency-wide community policing effort. In this study we
examine the effects of deputies’ work orientations on their perceptions of the agency’s readiness for and the anticipated
effectiveness of this initiative. The findings suggest interesting differences in the efforts of a traditional crime control
orientation versus a more progressive community service orientation toward policing. 相似文献
173.
Targeted killings have become a central component of counterterrorism strategy. In response to the unprecedented prevalence of this strategy around the world, numerous empirical studies have recently examined whether “decapitating” militant groups with targeted killings is strategically effective. This study builds on that research program by examining the impact of targeted killings on militant group tactical decision-making. Our empirical strategy exploits variation in the attack patterns of militant groups conditional on whether a government’s targeted killing attempt succeeded against them operationally. In both the Afghanistan-Pakistan and Israel-West Bank-Gaza Strip theaters, targeted killings significantly alter the nature of militant group violence. When their leaderships are degraded with a successful strike, militant groups become far less discriminate in their target selection by redirecting their violence from military to civilian targets. We then analyze several potential causal mechanisms to account for these results and find strongest evidence that targeted killings tend to promote indiscriminate organizational violence by empowering lower level members with weaker civilian restraint. 相似文献
174.
Expectations of Russia becoming a global ‘breadbasket’ have been nurtured by its rise to the top group of global wheat exporters, the abundance of abandoned land, assumed yield gaps and the apparent ‘success’ of agroholdings. It is argued here that becoming a global breadbasket is hindered by substantial costs of re-cultivating abandoned land, management and financial problems of megafarms and agroholdings, lack of infrastructure for exports and increased domestic demand for feed grains as input for the meat sector. Furthermore, as Russian wheat production is extremely volatile it might increase global price volatility, rather than contributing to global food security. 相似文献
175.
Validation of Tool Mark Comparisons Obtained Using a Quantitative,Comparative, Statistical Algorithm
L. Scott Chumbley Ph.D. Max D. Morris Ph.D. M. James Kreiser B.S. Charles Fisher B.S. Jeremy Craft M.S. Lawrence J. Genalo Ph.D. Stephen Davis B.S. David Faden B.S. Julie Kidd M.S. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2010,55(4):953-961
Abstract: A statistical analysis and computational algorithm for comparing pairs of tool marks via profilometry data is described. Empirical validation of the method is established through experiments based on tool marks made at selected fixed angles from 50 sequentially manufactured screwdriver tips. Results obtained from three different comparison scenarios are presented and are in agreement with experiential knowledge possessed by practicing examiners. Further comparisons between scores produced by the algorithm and visual assessments of the same tool mark pairs by professional tool mark examiners in a blind study in general show good agreement between the algorithm and human experts. In specific instances where the algorithm had difficulty in assessing a particular comparison pair, results obtained during the collaborative study with professional examiners suggest ways in which algorithm performance may be improved. It is concluded that the addition of contextual information when inputting data into the algorithm should result in better performance. 相似文献
176.
177.
Max Spoor 《The Journal of peasant studies》2013,40(4):520-545
The article deals with state intervention in agrarian produce markets and the rural labour market in post‐revolutionary Nicaragua. Basing itself in the debate about the Nicaraguan agrarian class structure, it analyses the development of the internal terms of trade, the rapid integration of the peasantry in the market and its positive response to recent liberalisation measures. The labour market seems to show developments contrary to economic logic. Detailed analysis concludes that labour demand declined more slowly than supply. However, only recently this led to higher real wages after a long period of deterioration. Further income differentiation also seems a possible unwanted outcome. 相似文献
178.
This paper seeks to unravel the political economy of large-scale land acquisitions in post-Soviet Russia. Russia falls neither in the normal category of ‘investor’ countries, nor in the category of ‘target’ countries. Russia has large ‘land reserves’, since in the 1990s much fertile land was abandoned. We analyse how particular Russia is with regards to the common argument in favour of land acquisitions, namely that land is available, unused or even unpopulated. With rapid economic growth, capital of Russian oligarchs in search of new frontiers, and the 2002 land code allowing land sales, land began to attract investment. Land grabbing expands at a rapid pace and in some cases, it results in dispossession and little or no compensation. This paper describes different land acquisitions strategies and argues that the share-based land rights distribution during the 1990s did not provide security of land tenure to rural dwellers. Emerging rural social movements try to form countervailing powers but with limited success. Rich land owners easily escape the implementation of new laws on controlling underutilized land, while there is a danger that they enable eviction with legal measures of rural dwellers. In this sense Russia appears to be a ‘normal’ case in the land grab debate. 相似文献
179.
Beyond the evidence provided by randomized controlled trials, there is a need for supplementing and contextualizing efficacy findings through early evidence. This may include evidence of program costs, quality implementation processes, and impact of programs on different groups. This article considers the Quality and Impact of Component Evidence Assessment and other exemplary efforts for translating early evidence for policy making within a common framework. This framework includes processes for strategic review, development of guiding standards on the quality of evidence, and active communication with policy makers. 相似文献
180.