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71.
David M. Farrell 《West European politics》2014,37(2):439-455
In his later writings Peter Mair expressed strong and ever more urgent concerns over the state of party politics and the future of representative politics itself. This paper uses Mair’s thesis to frame a discussion about the state of our representative system of democracy. It starts by setting out his arguments on party and democratic failure. It then considers the question of whether the evidence supports such a perspective, or whether in fact there are signs of adaptability and change. This in turn leads to a discussion about the reform agenda in established representative democracies, with particular attention to the potential of ‘mini-publics’ in enabling a role for ordinary citizens in debates over constitutional reform. The paper concludes by arguing that this reform agenda provides evidence of democracies being reconfigured rather than stripped down. 相似文献
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Ismael Rafols Patrick van Zwanenberg Molly Morgan Paul Nightingale Adrian Smith 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2011,36(6):624-639
In this article we explore some of the analytical and policy implications of widening the focus of nanomaterials governance
from risk regulation to the broader issue of the purposeful direction of the innovation process. We focus on the impact of
industrial activities on nanotechnology governance, arguing that the specific characteristics of the industrial dynamics of
nanomaterials—flexibility in applications and distributed innovation—limit and enable different potential interventions to shape technology. In particular, these characteristics exacerbate the
difficulties of attempting to directly influence innovation trajectories. Under these conditions, we argue that policies for
nanomaterials governance need to be broadened. The prevailing emphasis in the UK on policy initiatives ‘upstream’ in the R&D
process, while commendable, should be complemented with policies aimed further ‘downstream’ at potential users of nanomaterials,
such as renewable energy procurement or housing regulations in order to modulate technological development towards socially
desirable goals. 相似文献
74.
Thomas Koetz Katharine N. Farrell Peter Bridgewater 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2012,12(1):1-21
This article addresses implementation failure in international environmental governance by considering how different institutional
configurations for linking scientific and policy-making processes may help to improve implementation of policies set out in
international environmental agreements. While institutional arrangements for interfacing scientific and policy-making processes
are emerging as key elements in the structure of international environmental governance, formal understanding regarding their
effectiveness is still limited. In an effort to advance that understanding, we propose that science-policy interfaces can
be understood as institutions and that implementation failures in international environmental governance may be attributed,
in part, to institutional mismatches (sic. Young in Institutions and environmental change: Principal findings, applications, and research, MIT Press, Cambridge
2008) associated with poor design of these institutions. In order to investigate this proposition, we employ three analytical
categories—credibility, relevance and legitimacy, drawn from Cash et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(14):8086–8091, (2003), to explore basic characteristics of the institutions proscribed under two approaches to institutional design, which we
term linear and collaborative. We then proceed to take a closer look at institutional mismatches that may arise with the operationalisation
of the soon to be established Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). We find that, while
there are encouraging signs that institutions based on new agreements, such as the IPBES, have the potential to overcome many
of the institutional mismatches we have identified, there remain substantial tensions between continuing reliance on the established
linear approach and an emerging collaborative approach, which can be expected to continue undermining the credibility, relevance
and legitimacy of these institutions, at least in the near future. 相似文献
75.
As communities face unrest and protest because of perceived racial bias and decreased trust and confidence in the criminal justice system, it is critical to explore mechanisms that foster institutional legitimacy. Voice is a central element in the procedural justice framework because it is anticipated to promote process control as well as a shared understanding between institutions and communities. As a concept, however, voice is undertheorized. Measures of voice used in legitimacy research may result in oversimplification of the concept, not fully capturing the struggles disadvantaged people face in trying to exercise influence in the court system. Through the use of rich data from qualitative interviews with youth and families involved in the juvenile justice system and in‐depth observations of juvenile court events, we explore what voice is, the mechanisms through which people try to assert voice, and how voice matters in the legal process. Respondents sought voice for many reasons, including to validate their experiences, to affirm their membership in a community, and to assert concerns about perceived police misconduct. Contrary to traditional conceptualizations of voice as a static event (e.g., having voice or not having voice), voice was a process of negotiating dialogue between court officials and court participants throughout the legal process. 相似文献
76.
This article provides an overview of the administrative structures and processes through which the Social Security Administration delivers its services to Supplemental Security Income (SSI) claimants and recipients. It documents the improvements and adjustments that have been made in the administration of SSI from 1974, when the program began, through 1983, the 10th year of its operation. The first decade of SSI was marked by significant changes that have led to improvements in fiscal responsibility and administrative efficiency for the program. Among the subjects covered are the legislative history of the program, the claims process, posteligibility procedures, underpayments and overpayments, the administrative complexities that have had to be surmounted, and administrative efforts aimed at quality assurance. 相似文献
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This paper examines voter preferences when voters are allowed to rank order large numbers of candidates both within and between different parties (STV-PR). How voters complete such a ballot has consequences both for models of voting behaviour and also for patterns of party competition. More concretely, although such a system should promote a great deal of candidate centered voting behaviour, this does not, in fact, seem to occur for the case we examine. While Irish voters do seem to exhibit multiple party loyalties they are, nevertheless, party and not candidate specific loyalties. The consequences of this for both a Michigan account of party loyalty and also standard interpretations of Irish party competition are discussed. 相似文献