Development and evaluation of multiplex Y-STR assays for application in molecular genealogy

Three multiplex PCRs were developed for the analysis of 14 single-copy and 4 multi-copy Y chromosome Short Tandem Repeat (STR) loci routinely used by several public genealogical databases. These assays were used in addition to PowerPlex^® Y for the analysis of 245 DNA samples from a genealogical project. In total 244 different haplotypes composed of 37–40 alleles were identified with one haplotype identical between two males with the same surname. The multi-copy loci DYS464 and DYS724 were the most polymorphic with a gene diversity of at least 0.964. The use of DYS454 and DYS455 can be questioned as these loci had the lowest gene diversity (0.039 and 0.269, respectively).     

The Three Major Components of Behavior Used for Assessing Pain: Problems Faced When There Is Discordance Among the Three

The present article discusses the three major components of behavior that are used for assessing pain—self-report, overt behavior/function, and physical indices. Issues concerning the reliable operational definitions of these three behavioral referents of pain are reviewed, as well as the fact that a high degree of concordance or precise overlap among the three cannot be automatically assumed. The best biopsychosocial assessment approved to be used when discordance occurs—a stepwise approach to assessment—is then presented. Finally, in addition to the often complex interactions among the three behavioral referents of pain, what makes this assessment area even more complicated is that there may also be complex interactions among the construct of pain and the two related constructs of impairment and disability. These potential complexities are also discussed.     

Malingering and Pain: is this a Major Problem in the Medicolegal Setting?

The term malingering has a negative connotation, in that it is considered to intentionally project exaggerated physical and/or psychosocial symptoms for the purpose of gaining some external rewards/secondary gain. The present article will review a number of misconceptions about malingering, as well as the inherent problem in objectively measuring this construct. It will be suggested that a more comprehensive biopsychosocial approach should be used to evaluate potential barriers to recovery, as well as suboptimal performance that may delay, or prevent, recovery over an expected time period for musculoskeletal pain disorders. Such an approach will eliminate the common misuse and misdiagnosis of the construct of malingering.     

Implications of twin research for legal issues involving young twins

Twin studies have generated numerous findings that have had substantial impact upon research conducted in psychological and medical science disciplines. Twin research has, however, been underutilized utilized as an information base relevant to decision making in the legal domain. Current empirical knowledge of twins and the various legal issues for which they offer implications are reviewed. Selected case studies of young twins, illustrative of a meaningful relationship between twin research and the legal field, are presented. A research program to further address issues raised by the collaborative efforts of twin investigators and legal experts is proposed.     

Seizing the Opportunities of Fiscal Retrenchment

As both a trust establishment and a public institution, the Smithsonian Institution is a recipient of both public and private sector funding. This article examines the financial crisis within the Institution that resulted from increasing costs, a weakening economy, and eroding federal support. It further shows how the Institution's senior management recognized the permanence of their economic situation, accepted the structural nature of their fiscal plight, and initiated the downsizing and restructuring of a public institution that, until recently, experienced nothing but growth.