Dorset,Kincardine and peasant crisis: A comment on David Craig

David Craig's paper ‘Novels of Peasant Crisis’ is to be warmly welcomed. But Craig provides no adequate analysis of the peasant crises underlying the novels which he considers. This paper considers one of Craig's novels; Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song. Craig's explanation of this book in terms of depopulation and the destruction of the Kincardine peasantry from outside is seen to be inadequate. Sunset Song is about the crumbling of a peasant mode of production through the working out of internal contradictions within that mode of production. As an introduction to this discussion of Sunset Song Craig's dismissal of the utility of Thomas Hardy's work for the analysis of rural class relations is argued to be distinctly premature.     

Obituary: Marshal of the royal air force Sir Edward Leonard Ellington,G.C.B., C.M.G., C.B.E.

General

Islam in Perspective: A Guide to Islamic Society, Politics and Law. By Patrick Bannerman. Routledge for Chatham House. 1988. Pp. 278. Gloss. Biographical Notes. Index. £35.00.

Profit and Loss Sharing: An Islamic Experiment in Finance and Banking. By Shahrukh Ran Khan. Karachi, O.U.P., 1988. Pp. 180. Bibliog. Index. £10.95 Pb.

The Urbanization of the Third World. Ed. J. Gugler. Oxford, O.U.P., 1988. Pp. 421. Index. £12.95 Pb.

South Asia

Poona in the Eighteenth Century: an Urban History. By Balkrishna Govind Gokhale. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 225. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £9.95.

A Clash of Cultures: Awadh, the British and the Mughals. By Richard M. Fisher. Riverdale, Maryland. The Riverdale Company, 1987. Pp. 245. Appendices, Gloss. Bibliog. Index. Illus. £35.00.

The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India's Past 1784–1838. By O. P. Kejariwal. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 293. Bibliog. Index. £12.95.

Vallabhbhai Patel: Power and Organization in Indian Politics. By Rani Dhavan Shankardass. London, Sangam Books, 1988. Pp. 325. Bibliog. Index. £17.95.

India Wins Freedom ‐ the Complete Version. By Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. London, Sangam Books, 1988. Pp. 283. Illus. Index. £12.95.

The Politics of Health in India. By Roger Jeffrey. Berkeley, University of California Press. 1988. Pp. 348. Bibliog. Index. $39.95.

Breaking the Curfew: A Political Journey Through Pakistan. By Emma Duncan. London, Michael Joseph, 1989. Pp. 313. Index. £14.95.

South‐East Asia

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, Volume One: The Lands below the Winds. By Anthony Reid. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1988. Pp. 275. Maps. Illus. Index. £20.00.

The Rise of Ersatz Capitalism in South‐East Asia. By Yoshihara Kunio. Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 297. Appendices. Tables. Bibliog. Index. £22.50.

Sociology of “Developing Societies”: Southeast Asia. Ed. John G. Taylor and Andrew Turton. Basingstoke and London, Macmillan, 1988. Pp. 280. Bibliog. Index. £30.00 Hb. £8.95 Pb.

ASEAN and the Security of South‐East Asia. By Michael Leifer. International Politics in Asia Series. Routledge, 1988. Pp. 198. Appendices. Bibliog. Index. £30.00.

Indonesia Under Suharto. By Nawaz B. Mody. London, Oriental University Press, 1987. Pp. 405. Bibliog. Index. £25.00.

Chinese Politics in Malaysia ‐ A History of the Malaysian Chinese Association. By Heng Pek Koon. Singapore, Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 307. Bibliog. Index. £16.50.

Running Amok ‐ an historical inquiry. By John C. Spores. Athens, Ohio, Ohio University Press, 1988. Pp. 179. Notes. Bibliog. £12.35 Pb.

Heaven in Transition ‐ Non‐Muslim Religious Innovation and Ethnic Identity in Malaysia. By Susan E. Ackerman and Raymond L. M. Lee. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1988. Pp. 201. Bibliog. Index. £20.90.

Frank Swettenham &; George Giles Watercolours &; Sketches of Malaya 1880–1894. Text by Lim Chong Keat and Henry Barlow. Kuala Lumpur, The Malaysian‐British Society, 1988. Pp. 166. Notes. Bibliog. Price not stated.

Government and Politics of the Philippines. Eds. Raul P. De Guzman and Mila A. Reforma. Singapore, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 289. Tables. Index. £19.50.

Vietnam and the Chinese Model. A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. By Alexander Barton Woodside. Harvard University Press, 1988. Pp. 358. Bibliog. Index. £11.25 Pb.

French Catholic Missionaries and the Politics of Imperialism in Vietnam, 1857–1914: A Documentary Survey. By Patrick J. N. Tuck. Liverpool University Press, 1987. Pp. 352 Maps. Bibliog. £12.50.

Decision Against War. Eisenhower and Dien Bien Phu, 1954. By Melanie Billings‐Yun. New York, Columbia University Press, 1988. Pp. 199. Bibliog. Index. US$25.00.

Middle East

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa. Eds. Trevor Mostyn and Albert Hourani, Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp. 504. Illus. Index. £30.00.

Ethnicity, Pluralism, and the State in the Middle East. Ed. Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich. New York, Cornell University Press, 1988. Pp. 296. Index. Hb. $35. Pb. $12.95.

Lebanon: A History of Conflict and Consensus. Ed. Nadim Shehadi and Dana Haffar Mills. London, I.B. Tauris, 1988. Pp. 337. Bibliog. Index. £29.50.

A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. By Kamal Salibi. London, I. B. Tauris, 1988. Pp. 247. Map. Bibliog. Index. £17.50.

The Druze. By Robert Brenton Betts. Yale University Press. 1988. Pp. 161. Maps. Illus. Gloss. Bibliog. Index. £14.95.

The Soviet Union and Syria: The Asad Years. By Efraim Karsh. London, Routledge, Chatham House Papers, 1988. Pp. 136. Notes. Appendices. £7.95.

Far East

East Asian Civilizations: A Dialogue in Five Stages. By Wm. Theodore de Bary, Harvard University Press, 1988, Pp. 160. Notes, Bibliog. Index. £15.95.

China in World History. By S. A. M. Adshead. London, Macmillan Press, 1988. Pp. 422. Notes. Index. Bibliog. £35.00. Hb.

Behind the Scenes in Peking. By Mary Hooker. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. 209. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £4.95 Pb.

Elegant Flower: Recollections of a Cadet in Cathay. By Desmond Neill. O.U.P., 1988, Pp. 202. £6.95 Pb.

Myself a Mandarin: Memoirs of a Special Magistrate. By Austin Coates. O.U.P., 1988. Pp. 250. £2.50 Pb.

Discos and Democracy: China in the Throes of Reform. By Orville Schell. New York, Pantheon Books, 1988. Pp. 381. $19.95.

Bandits in Republican China. By Phil Billingsley. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 1988. Pp. 375. Gloss. Illus. Index. Bibliog. Maps. £42.50.

China Builds the Bomb. By John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai. Stanford, Ca, Stanford University Press, 1988. Pp. 238. Appendices. Bibliog. Index. $29.50.

Hong Kong under Imperial Rule. 1912–41. By Norman Miners. Hong Kong, OUP, 1988. Pp. 330. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £18.50.

A Macao Narrative. By Austin Coates. Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp. 112. Bibliog. Index. Illus. £7.95.

The Craft of Gardens. By Ji Cheng. Translated by Alison Hardie, Photographs by Zhong Ming with a Foreword by Maggie Keswick. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1988. Pp. 144. Notes. Index. £25.00.

The Hatcher Porcelain Cargoes: The Complete Record. By Colin Sheaf &; Richard Kilburn. Oxford, Phaidon Christie's, 1988. Pp. 192. Illus. Bibliog. Gloss. Map. Index. £45.00.

The Food of China. By E. N. Anderson. New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1988. Pp. 263. Bibliog. Index. £14.95.

Pirates of the South China Coast 1790–1810. By Dian H. Murray. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 1987. Pp. 243. Appendices, Bibliog. Illus. Index. US$32.50.

Ceremony and Symbolism in the Japanese Home. By Michael Jeremy &; M. E. Robinson. Manchester University Press, 1989. Pp. 196. Illus. Gloss. Bibliog. £25.00.

Mirror in the Shrine: American Encounters with Meiji Japan. By Robert A. Rosenstone. Howard University Press, 1989. Pp. 315. Frontis. £19.95.

Japanese Government Leadership and Management. By Charles P. Bingham. London, Macmillan Press, 1989. Pp. 165. Index. £29.50.

“Things Seen &; Unseen; Discourse &; Ideology in Tokugawa Nativism”. By H. D. Harootunian. Chicago &; London, University of Chicago Press, 1988. Pp. 494. Index (includes Bibliog.) £11.95 Pb.

Political Protest and Social Control in Pre‐war Japan: the Origins of Buraku Liberation. By Ian Neary. Manchester University Press, 1989. Pp. 250. Illus. Bibliog. Index. £29.95.

The Origins of the Korean Community in Japan 1910–1923. By Michael Weiner. Manchester University Press, 1989. Pp. 249. Index. £29.95.

A Heritage of Kings: One Man's Monarchy in the Confucian World. By JaHyun Kim Haboush. New York, Columbia University Press, 1988. Pp. 237. Appendices, Gloss. Bibliog. Index. $35.00.

South Korea: Education, Culture and Economy. By Georgie D. M. Hyde. London, The Macmillan Press, 1988. Pp. 287. Bibliog. Index. Appendices. £35.00.

Kim Il Sung: The North Korean Leader. By Dae‐Sook Suh. Columbia University Press, 1988. Pp. 338. Notes. Bibliog. Index. $45.00.

The Korean Frontier in America: Immigration to Hawaii, 1896–1910. By Wayne Patterson. University of Hawaii Press, 1988. Pp. 257. Bibliog. Index. £28.50.

Shorter notices

International Relations of the Asian Muslim States. By James Piscatori, Lanham, New York, London, University Press of America. 1986. Pp. 41. Gloss. Bibliog. £13.40.

The Asian Development Bank and Rural Development: Policy and Practice. By R. Withol, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1988. Pp. 218. Bibliog. Index. £15.00.

An Arab‐Syrian Gentleman and Warrior. Memoirs of Usamah Ibn‐Munqidh. Translated by Philip Hitti. Princeton, 1987. Pp. 265. Illus. Map. Index. $9.95 Pb.

Curzon's Persia. Edited by Peter King. London. Sidgwick &; Jackson, 1988. Pp. 192. Illus. Maps. £9.95 Pb.

The Modern History of Mongolia. By C. R. Bawden. London, Kegan Paul International. 1989. Pp. 476. Illus. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £14.95 Pb.

Gandhi and His Critics. By B. R. Nanda. Delhi, OUP, 1985. Pp. 178. Index. £9.95.

Traditional Chinese Clothing in Hong Kong and South China 1840–1980. By Valery Garrett. Oxford University Press, (Images of Asia Series), 1988. Pp. 87. Illus. Index. £6.95.     

How European Integration Changes National Parties: Evidence from a 15-Country Study

This article examines the impact of European integration on the balance of power within national political parties. It does this by drawing on the results of a survey of key actors in up to 55 parties in the 15 pre-2004 enlargement member states. The analyses show that, when they are involved in EU-level decision-making, party elites are relatively powerful vis-à-vis their national parties and that in a number of instances their intra-party power has also increased over time. National parties have, to some extent, attempted to constrain their elites but appear to be fighting a losing battle. Although there are some minor differences by country and by party, the empowerment of party elites is a general phenomenon. This research provides an empirical dimension to the existing research on the Europeanisation of national political parties and presents an important substantiation of the widely discussed democratic deficit that exists within the EU system of governance.     

Current practices for procuring affordable housing: The Canadian context

Abstract

This article describes the current housing system in Canada, focusing particularly on the various mechanisms still available for providing affordable housing. Beginning with an overview of the Canadian housing system, it provides a brief history of Canadian housing policy and program initiatives instrumental in developing the inventory of affordable housing available today.

Current practices and procedures in private lending for affordable housing are highlighted. A discussion of current initiatives available to provide affordable housing follows, with a focus on the role of government, the third sector, and new partnership arrangements implemented to encourage more affordable housing. The conclusion highlights recent changes, the current state of the affordable housing sector, and the impact these changes may have on low‐ and moderate‐income households in Canada.     

One Bad Apple May Not Spoil the Whole Bunch: Best Friends and Adolescent Delinquency

This study compared the association of adolescent delinquency with that of their best friend and remaining social network. Findings are reported from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a multi-wave nationally representative panel study of adolescents who were in grades 7–12 in 1994. Four delinquent outcomes were examined: Smoking, getting drunk, fighting, and a variety index of general delinquency. All analyses were replicated for three distinct criteria for identifying a “best friend.” We also examined several moderating factors and potential interrelationships between the best friend and remaining friendship group. Relative to the influence of the best friend, the influence of the remaining friendship group increased with group size, and with larger absolute disparities in delinquency levels between best and remaining friends. Our findings extend knowledge on the influence of best friends, and further underscore the importance of whether peer behaviors are measured directly (from the peers themselves) or indirectly (when focal respondents estimate the delinquent behavior of their peers).     

Recognition and understanding of goals and roles: The key internal features of mental health court teams

The increasing involvement of people with mental illness in the criminal justice system has led to the formation of specialty programs such as mental health courts (hereafter MHCs). We discuss MHCs and the teams serving these courts. Specifically, we examine team members' perceptions of MHC goals and their own and others' roles on the MHC team. Using a semi-structured interview instrument, we conducted 59 face-to-face interviews with criminal justice and mental health treatment personnel representing 11 Ohio MHCs. Findings from our qualitative data analyses reveal that MHC personnel understand individuals' roles within the teams, recognize and appreciate the importance of different roles, and share common goals. MHCs could foster this level of understanding and agreement by working to recruit and retain individuals with experience in or willingness to learn about both the criminal justice and mental health systems. Future research should explore the impact of MHC team functioning on client outcomes.     

On using gait in forensic biometrics

Given the continuing advances in gait biometrics, it appears prudent to investigate the translation of these techniques for forensic use. We address the question as to the confidence that might be given between any two such measurements. We use the locations of ankle, knee, and hip to derive a measure of the match between walking subjects in image sequences. The Instantaneous Posture Match algorithm, using Harr templates, kinematics, and anthropomorphic knowledge is used to determine their location. This is demonstrated using real CCTV recorded at Gatwick International Airport, laboratory images from the multiview CASIA-B data set, and an example of real scene of crime video. To access the measurement confidence, we study the mean intra- and inter-match scores as a function of database size. These measures converge to constant and separate values, indicating that the match measure derived from individual comparisons is considerably smaller than the average match measure from a population.     

Alteration of expirated bloodstain patterns by Calliphora vicina and Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) through ingestion and deposition of artifacts

Abstract: Bloodstain pattern analysis can provide insight into a sequence of events associated with a violent crime. However, bloodstain pattern analysis can be confounded by the feeding activity of blow flies. We conducted two laboratory experiments to investigate the relationships between Lucilia sericata (green bottle fly) and Calliphora vicina (blue bottle fly), expirated bloodstains, and pooled bloodstains on a range of surfaces (linoleum, wallpaper, textured paint). C. vicina and L. sericata changed bloodstain pattern morphology through feeding and defecation. They also deposited artifacts in rooms where blood was not present originally. Chemical presumptive tests (Hemastix^®, phenolphthalein, leucocrystal violet, fluorescein) were not able to differentiate between insect artifacts and bloodstains. Thus, C. vicina and L. sericata can confound bloodstain pattern analysis, crime scene investigation, and reconstruction. Crime scene investigators should be aware of these fundamental behaviors, and the effects that blow flies can have on expirated and pooled bloodstain patterns.     

Changes in the morphology and presumptive chemistry of impact and pooled bloodstain patterns by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Bloodstain pattern analysis can be critical to accurate crime scene reconstruction. However, bloodstain patterns can be altered in the presence of insects and can confound crime scene reconstruction. To address this problem, we conducted a series of controlled laboratory experiments to investigate the effect of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) on impact bloodstains and pooled bloodstains in association with three combinations of common surfaces (linoleum/painted drywall, wood floor/wallpaper, and carpet/wood paneling). L. sericata fed from the pooled bloodstains and added insect stains through regurgitation and defecation of consumed blood. L. sericata formed defecatory trails of insect stains that indicated directionality. Defecatory stains fluoresced when viewed at 465 nm with an orange filter. These observations differed from Calliphora vicina insect stains because feeding on blood spatter was not observed and trails of insect stains were formed by L. sericata. The fluorescence of defecatory stains can be used as a method to detect insect stains and discriminate them from real bloodstains.