抗战时期陕甘宁边区的疫病防治工作

抗战时期陕甘宁边区疫病流行,造成边区军民的大量人员伤亡。中国共产党和边区政府把疫病预防与控制当做一项重要的政治任务,采取成立防疫领导机构、开展卫生宣传、加强医疗机构建设、建立防疫机制、增强人民群众体质等一系列科学疫病防治举措,一定程度上控制了疫病的流行和蔓延,并积累了丰富的防疫经验。     

超额储备、货币错配与金融风险——基于东亚实践的理论总结

以美元和欧元为"关键货币"的国际货币体系使得发展中国家存在显著的货币错配.对货币错配测度的一个较好指标是实际货币错配总额,因为其考虑到了债权性货币错配的存在.研究表明,债务性货币错配水平的急剧上升是东亚金融危机爆发的主要原因,但近年来东亚官方积累的超额外汇储备则引致了债权性货币错配和新的金融风险.国际主要货币,X2率变-化不仅使得东亚的货币错配更为复杂,而且使东亚货币当局在国际资本和外汇市场陷入两难境地,这凸现了全球性金融风险的积聚和扩大.     

贷币政策调控资产价格的可行性研究

三年来,中国资本市场快速发展,股价综合指数连创新高,金融市场对家庭.企业、政府的影响力空前高涨,资产价格波动与货币政策效果之间的关联性不断加大.本文试图从货币政策是否应该和是否能够调控资产价格的各个方面分析调控的可行性问题.     

国防工业运行中的政府与市场有效组合及制约因素

国防工业运行中政府与市场的有效组合,是充分发挥政府和市场功能,提高国防工业运行效率和武器装备科研生产效率的必然要求。实现政府与市场的有效组合,要求合理确定政府与市场的组合模式,界定政府与市场的作用边界。国防工业运行中政府与市场的有效组合,通常受到军工生产分工协作与发展水平、军工产权制度与特定经济体制、军品特征及项目生命周期等因素的制约。     

The State of American Federalism, 1993-1994

National political energies in 1993–1994 were focusedon major initiatives promised by the Clinton administrationduring the 1992 presidential campaign, especially health-carereform and crime. From the perspective of the states, federalgovernment action in these (and other) policy areas raised seriousquestions about preemption and mandates. The administration'sofficial pronouncements on federalism have suggested a strategyof decongestion and decentralization. Thus far, its actionshave fallen short of empowerment, taking instead the path ofregulatory waivers. Frustrated with the federal government,states and localities continued to engage in policy experimentation.     

The State of American Federalism, 1994-1995

Federalism, as a concept and as a reality, received assistancefrom a variety of sources during 1994–1995. Opinion pollsrevealed a public strongly supportive of shifts in the balanceof power between federal and state governments. The new Republican-controlledCongress, bent on devolving authority to the states, busieditself with an ambitious legislative agenda. The DemocraticPresident pursued his principles of federalism and intergovernmentalrelations by supporting the unfunded mandates bill and by increasingthe use of the administrative waiver. The U.S. Supreme Courtbolstered federalism with its rulings in cases such as Lopez,a state challenge to the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act.The new mood in Washington, D.C. was complemented by state leadersanxious to take on the challenges of a rebalanced federal system     

Diversity in the American States: Updating the Sullivan Index

The index of socioeconomic and cultural diversity among theAmerican states formulated by John L. Sullivan for 1960 is recreatedfor 1980. Comparisons are made between the index for the twotime periods, and changes among the states are examined overtime. Significant differences continue to exist between northernand southern states, mainly because of cultural rather thansocioeconomic factors. The diversity index remains a relativelypowerful predictor of policy variation among the states and,as such, might be considered as a substitute for geographicregion in comparative state policy research.     

Differentiating specialists and generalists within college students' social support networks

In order to examine the relationships among social network structure, types of social support, and determinants of support satisfaction, an alternative method was used to score the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ). Factor analysis procedures suggested that college students' (N=198) social networks consisted of four groups: nuclear family, other family, friends, and others. Satisfaction with support was positively related to the proportion of the network occupied by nuclear family and negatively related to the proportion of friends in the network. Evidence was found for the presence of both support specialists and support generalists in the networks of the college students. These results are discussed from a developmental perspective with attention to the implications for interventions.     

The congressional foundations of agency performance

When Congress delegates a policy mandate to a regulatory agency, Congress acts as a principal, choosing the institutional arrangements, or the ‘rules of the game’ for agency decision making. Individuals in the agency, acting as agents, take the rules of the game as given and do the best they can within these institutional arrangements. In this paper we develop a simple model that relates the congressional choice of institutional arrangements to two underlying environmental factors — uncertainty and conflict. We suggest that uncertainty and conflict of interest lead Congress, in delegating, to prescribe a greater scope of permissable regulatory activity, a wider array of regulatory instruments, and more confining regulatory procedures. Increased scope and stronger instruments tend to broaden the overall discretionary authority of the agency, while more confining procedures tend to narrow it. We conjecture that with increased uncertainty or conflict the narrowing tendency more than offsets the broadening tendency, for a net decrease in the agency's overall discretionary authority. Lastly, we argue that the performance of a regulatory agency in fulfilling its mandate is determined in large measure by the foundations Congress constructs for the implementation of delegated authority.