Policy convergence and policy feedback: Agricultural finance policies in a globalizing era

Abstract In a comparative study of five countries: Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, the UK, and the USA, this article examines the degree of convergence of agricultural credit policy content, policy instruments, and policy outcomes on a market liberal model. It shows that all five countries have moved toward market liberal policy arrangements over the past quarter century of globalizing and domestic fiscal pressures, but important differences in policy remain. The Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom move further toward a market liberal model than do Australia, Canada, and the USA. The distinct national paths taken to market liberalism give rise to policy feedback that hastens or retards the adoption of a fully market liberal system. Historical choices of policy instruments and path dependence help account for continuing policy divergence.     

Policy Convergence in Banking: a Comparative Study

The relationship between global economic integration and policy convergence in banking is examined in five countries: Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Focusing upon policy styles and modes of policy-making, considerable convergence in membership of policy communities and some convergence in the organization of state agencies is found. When it comes to policy networks, there is more limited convergence on a corporatist mode of policy-making in banking. Policy style may not be as responsive to international economic changes as policy goals, policy content, and policy instruments.     

Self-regulation in the Canadian securities industry: A study of the Investment Dealers Association of Canada

Abstract: This article examines an important sector of the economy, securities dealing, and shows how it has come to be governed by a mix of state supervision and private interest government. An interest association has achieved a unique “public status” and has assumed responsibility for implementing policy and disciplining member firms. The development of self-regulatory modes of governance through private interest governments, the article suggests, is more likely in highly concentrated sectors that offer specialized, technical services rather than those that manufacture goods. The argument is developed through a case study of the Investment Dealers Association of Canada and its role in the securities industry. Using a typology of policy networks, the article traces the historical path from an informal, primitive system of self-regulation, requiring little attention from government, to a highly formalized system, jointly managed by complex state and industry organizations. Sommaire: Cet article examine un secteur important de l‘économie, le commerce des valeurs mobilières, et décrit comment il en est arrivéàêtre régi par un mélange de controle étatique et de gestion par des intérêts privés. Un groupe d'intérêt a en effet obtenu un “caractèe public” assez particulier et s'est vu octroyer la responsabilité de mettre en place une politique et de contrôler ses sociétés membres. Selon cet article, l'autoréglementation par des groupes d'intérêt privé a plus de chances de se développer dans des secteurs à haute concentration offrant des services spécialisés et techniques plutôt que dans le secteur des produits manufacturés. Ce point de vue s'appuie sur une étude de cas concernant l'Association canadienne des courtiers en valeurs mobilières et son rôle dans ce secteur. En utilisant une typologie des réseaux politiques, l'article retrace l’évolution historique de cette industrie depuis un système informel et peu dévelopé d'autoréglementation, exigeant peu d'attention du gouvernement, jusqu‘à un système extrêmement structuré, géré conjointement par l’État et l'industrie elle-même.     

Seeking Sustainable Solutions: Using an Attractor Simulation Platform for Teaching Multistakeholder Negotiation in Complex Cases

We live and work in an increasingly complex and dynamic world. The demands of working in such environments require that negotiators understand situations of conflict and work with these situations in correspondingly complex and dynamic ways. Dynamical systems theory offers important insights and tools to enhance the understanding of difficult social conflicts, including the conceptualization of ongoing destructive conflicts as strong attractors: a particular form of self-organization of multiple elements comprising the mental and social systems associated with conflict. This article describes the pedagogical use of a computer simulation of conflict attractors (the attractor software) that allows participants to visualize and work interactively with the dynamics of conflict as they unfold over time. It further describes a negotiation workshop that employs the simulation to enhance participants' understanding of complex long-term dynamics in conflict and presents the findings of two outcome studiescomparing the effectiveness of a workshop that employed the simulation with one that employed a traditional integrative problem-solving method. While not definitive, these studies suggest that an understanding of the dynamical approach to conflict, supported by use of the attractor software, can promote the generation of more sustainable solutions for long-term conflicts.     

Police hiring and retention of sexual minorities in Georgia and Texas after Lawrence v. Texas

In this telephone interview study, hiring and retention policies and practices relevant to sexual minority officers among twenty selected police departments in Georgia and Texas were examined. The authors examined policies and practices in place before and after the U.S. Supreme Court's 2003 decision in Lawrence v. Texas, in which the Court struck down Texas' sodomy law on grounds that it violated due process and the right to privacy, in effect decriminalizing homosexual conduct throughout the nation. Conclusions and policy implications for law enforcement hiring practices in light of this landmark decision are discussed.     

Institutional factors affecting biophysical outcomes in forest management

Although there is considerable interest in the impact of diverse policies affecting the biophysical outcomes in forests, gaining a substantial sample over time of forests under different institutional arrangements has been difficult. This article analyzes data from 46 forests located in six countries over time. In forests where policies have been adopted for conservation, active monitoring and sanctioning by locals is associated with positive forest conditions. Forests that allow user group harvesting, perhaps counterintuitively, are also shown to be associated with positive forest conditions. However, conditions in community‐managed forests are not statistically different from government‐ or privately managed forests. This implies that local communities can play an important role in achieving positive forest conditions but that full management responsibilities need not be given to achieve these results. © 2009 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.