MANAGING THE RISE OF CHINA(REVIEW ARTICLE)

A survey of a number of books about how the overall international system will need to be modified so as to cope with the rise of China. Clearly the single most important relationship will be that between the US and China. The present structure of that bilateral relationship is inadequate for future needs.     

Alternative models of instant drug testing: evidence from an experimental trial

Objective

This study describes and provides relapse and recidivism outcome findings related to an experimental trial evaluating the viability of frequent, random drug testing with consequences for use.

Methods

The sample consisted of 529 offenders released on parole. An experimental design with random assignment to one of three groups was employed. The Experimental Group received frequent, random drug testing with instant results, immediate sanctions, and referral for substance abuse treatment. Control Group I received frequent, random drug testing and treatment referral, but did not receive immediate test results or immediate sanctions. Control Group II followed standard parole practice. Members of this group were not tested on a random basis and did not receive immediate sanctions. Repeated measures ANOVA and survival analysis techniques were used to explore group differences.

Results

Frequent monitoring of drug use with randomized testing protocols, immediate feedback, and certain consequences is effective in lowering rates of relapse and recidivism. The effectiveness is particularly salient in the short term during the period of exposure to testing conditions.

Conclusions

The findings lend support to the use of randomized testing with swift and certain sanctions with parolees. Additional quality evidence is necessary to generalize and refine findings from this study and others that focus on sanction certainty. Future replications must consider the immediacy of test result and sanction execution as well as the length of exposure to randomized testing periods.     

French administration: Sanctified or demystified?∗

Birnbaum, Pierre. Les sommets de l"Etat.,Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977, pp. 186.

Chevallier, Jacques. ‘L'intérêt général dans l'Administration française’, Revue Internationale des Sciences administratives, 41 (4), 1975, pp. 325–350.

‘La participation dans l'administration française: discours et pratique’, Bulletin de l'Institut international d'Administration publique, I. janvier‐mars, 1976, pp. 85–119; II. juillet‐septembre, 1976, pp. 85–142.

Grémion, Pierre. Le Pouvoir Périphérique. Paris: Edition du Seuil, 1976, pp. 478.

Machin, Howard. The Prefect in French Public Administration. London: Croom Helm, 1977, pp. 210.

Poulantzas, Nicos (éd.) La Crise de l'Etat. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1976, pp. 348.

Vallet, Odon. L'E.N.A. toute nue. Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1977, pp. 133.     

Synthesis by-products from the Wacker oxidation of safrole in methanol using rho-benzoquinone and palladium chloride

This paper reports the identification of a number of by-products, which are produced during the Wacker oxidation of safrole to 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (MDP2P) using rho-benzoquinone and palladium chloride when methanol is utilised as the solvent. Also described is the retrieval of these compounds from illicit samples from a clandestine laboratory, which was uncovered in South Australia in September 2003.     

A study of the sensitivity and specificity of four presumptive tests for blood

The purpose of this work was to conduct a comparative study of the sensitivity and specificity of phenolphthalein, tetramethylbenzidine, leucomalachite green, and orthotolidine as presumptive tests for blood. The findings of this study indicate that the phenolphthalein and the leucomalachite green tests are the most specific and that the tetramethylbenzidine and orthotolidine tests are the most sensitive of the group. The author concludes that the phenolphthalein test is the best single test for evaluating suspected bloodstains.     

Effect of fabric washing on the presumptive identification of bloodstains

The purpose of this study was to investigate the retention of blood stains on twelve different types of fabrics after washing at various drying times. The findings of this study, supported by chi-square analysis, indicate that the retention of bloodstains on washed fabrics depends upon the particular fiber composition of the fabric, the specific blood screening test used, and whether or not a detergent was used in the wash. The results of this research did not reveal a significant effect of the drying time on the retention of bloodstains, as tested during the 48-h limit of this experiment. The author concludes that the forensic serologist should consider the factors investigated in this study before rendering an opinion on the retention of bloodstains on washed garments.