Reviews

Seweryn Bialer, The Soviet Paradox: External Expansion, Internal Decline. London: I. B. Tauris, November, 1986, xx + 396 pp. £16.50.

Frank Füredi, The Soviet Union Demystified: A Materialist Analysis. London: Junius Publications, 1986, 271 pp. £12.50 h/b, £5.95 p/b.

R. Furtak, The Political Systems of the Socialist States: an Introduction to Marxist‐Leninist Regimes, Wheatsheaf Books Ltd., Brighton, 1986, xi + 308 pp. £32–50.

Peter Jones and Sian Kevill (Compilers) China and the Soviet Union 1949–84, Keesing's International Studies; Longman, London: 1986, 202 pp. £20.00.

Roy Medvedev, China and the Superpowers, Basil Blackwell, Oxford; 1986, 234 pp. £17.50.

Gail Schlachter (ed.) Sino‐Soviet Conflict: A Historical Bibliography, ABC‐Clio Distribution Services, Clio Press, Oxford; 1985, xii + 190 pp. £30.50.

Károly Attila Soós, Terv, Kampany, Penz. Szabalyozas es Konjunkturaciklusok Magyarorszagon es Jugoszlaviaban, Közgazdasagi es Jogi Könyvkiado‐Kossuth Könyvkiado, Budapest, 1986, 533 pp. 142 Ft.

William V. Wallace and Roger A. Clarke, Comecon, Trade and the West, Frances Pinter (Publishers), London, 1986, xi + 176 pp. £18.50.

Alec Nove, Socialism, economics and development, Allen & Unwin, London, 1986, 243 pp. £25.00 US $29.95.

Klaus Fritsche, Blockfreiheit aus sowjetischer Sicht, Deutsches Übersee‐Institut, Munich, Cologne, London, Weltforum Verlag, 1986, 299 pp.

Winrich Kühne, Sowjetische Afrikapolitik in der ‘Ara Gorbatschow’. Eine Analyse ihrer grundlegenden Probleme Mitte der 80er Jahre, ausgehend von den Entwicklungen in Mozambique, Angola und Äthiopien. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, Ebenhausen, 1986, 146 pp.     

The effects of physical effort on police officers' perception and aggression in simulated shooting incidents

Abstract

In the present experiment the effects of physical effort on police officers' aggression and perception in simulates shooting incidents were investigated. Based upon Kahneman's (1973) variable-allocation capacity model it was hypothesized that physical effort will result in a decease in aggression towards aggressive offenders. Based upon Kahneman's model and Easterbrook's (1959) Cue-Utilization-Hypothesis it was further expected that this decrease in aggression will be caused by an incorrect judgement of the aggression of aggressive offenders (and not by an impaired perception). The findings confirmed these hypotheses.     

Justice as fairness and bad luck

Abstract

One major way of arguing for the moral attractiveness of luck egalitarianism is indirect; it consists in showing that the view follows from competing views on distributive justice which one actually endorses. Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen (KLR) claims that luck egalitarianism is indirectly supported in this way by Rawls’s intuitive argument for the difference principle. That argument begins by asserting that the impact of social and natural contingencies on distributive shares is unjust. After clarifying the notion of indirect support, I argue against KLR’s claim. Whether the argument goes on to support luck egalitarianism is a matter of interpretation which can only be decided by looking closer at what Rawls has to say about the difference principle than KLR’s own treatment of the argument allows. In its most plausible reading, the intuitive argument veers away from luck egalitarianism in favor of a non-egalitarian view of the difference principle as a principle of compensating advantage. On this view, inequality due to bad luck is not in any respect unjust when the least advantaged cannot be made better off under alternative arrangements. In conclusion I explain why there are good reasons of fairness to understand the difference principle in this way.     

KOMMUNIKASIETEORIE: VERTREKPUNTE

Ethnocentrism, the tendency of some people in society to regard all aspects of their culture as superior to that of other culture groups, can have a detrimental effect on intercultural communication. Ethnocentrism discourages contact and communication between members of different culture groups, whereas intercultural communication contributes to a greater understanding between diverse groups. Ethnocentrism is largely a negative attitude towards out-groups, embedded in a belief and value system that is regarded the best under all circumstances. It is acquired by individuals through informal and formal education. Ethnocentrism is reinforced in society in many ways but particularly by membership of in-groups. It has close links with stereotypes and prejudice as is reflected in a culture group's attitudes, values and beliefs. It is difficult to change, largely because it is seen as a way to maintain cultural identity and because people are subjected to the principle of selectivity. Political, national and belief ethnocentrism pose the greatest threat to intercultural communication.     

Traumatic Brain Injury Among Mothers Identified as Having a High Risk of Child Maltreatment: A Pilot Study

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs frequently and may result in deficits in concentration, fatigue, attention, aggression and emotion regulation; significantly impacting an individual’s ability to function. This study examined reports of TBI among mothers identified as having high risk for child abuse/maltreatment. Participants were 206 Mothers referred to a child abuse prevention programme (The Family Help Trust, Christchurch, New Zealand) between 2003 and 2010 (n?=?206); TBI prevalence of 36.4 % (n?=?75). One-third had experienced multiple TBI (n?=?24), and 58.7 % (n?=?44) of those reporting TBI had experienced their first injury prior to age 16. TBI in at-risk mothers was more than three times the TBI found in community samples, with many injuries occurring in childhood. Given the increased prevalence of TBI among mothers at high risk of child abuse, there is a need for greater information regarding the long-term outcomes of TBI, particularly for vulnerable groups requiring assistance to manage life roles.     

Towards an EC directive on plant breeder's rights?

Legal context: Although ‘Brussels’ has established many Directivesand Regulations in the field of IP law during the last two decades,there is still no Council Directive on plant breeder's rights. Key points: The article first examines the current national plant varietyprotection laws in force in the EC Member States. It then focuseson some figures with regard to national applications and Communityapplications for plant breeder's rights filed in the years 2001–2005.Subsequently, it discusses a number of optional provisions laiddown in the 1991 UPOV Convention and it points out the manydifferences in national laws that result from this UPOV text.In particular, it draws attention to national differences withregard to the protection of products made directly from harvestedmaterial, the farmer's privilege, and the term of protection. Practical significance: The article concludes that national applications for plant varietyprotection still play a significant role next to Community applications.It argues that the establishment of a Directive would be worthconsidering, as the differences between the laws of the MemberStates lead to barriers to the free movement of goods and toa distortion of the conditions of competition on the commonmarket.