Analyzing the Influence of Micro-Level Factors on CCTV Camera Effect

Objectives

Despite the popularity of closed circuit television (CCTV), evidence of its crime prevention capabilities is inconclusive. Research has largely reported CCTV effect as “mixed” without explaining this variance. The current study contributes to the literature by testing the influence of several micro-level factors on changes in crime levels within CCTV areas of Newark, NJ.

Methods

Viewsheds, denoting the line-of-sight of CCTV cameras, were units of analysis (N = 117). Location quotients, controlling for viewshed size and control-area crime incidence, measured changes in the levels of six crime categories, from the pre-installation period to the post-installation period. Ordinary least squares regression models tested the influence of specific micro-level factors—environmental features, camera line-of-sight, enforcement activity, and camera design—on each crime category.

Results

First, the influence of environmental features differed across crime categories, with specific environs being related to the reduction of certain crimes and the increase of others. Second, CCTV-generated enforcement was related to the reduction of overall crime, violent crime and theft-from-auto. Third, obstructions to CCTV line-of-sight caused by immovable objects were related to increased levels of auto theft and decreased levels of violent crime, theft from auto and robbery.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that CCTV operations should be designed in a manner that heightens their deterrent effect. Specifically, police should account for the presence of crime generators/attractors and ground-level obstructions when selecting camera sites, and design the operational strategy in a manner that generates maximum levels of enforcement.     

The Forces of Law: Duty,Coercion, and Power

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“战略行政学”引论

社会的内在需要和需求呼唤学术界必须对"行政战略"进行思考。"行政战略"是一个自古有之的行政现象,且具有丰富的哲学内涵,但不同历史阶段有不同的表现形式。"行政战略"概念的提出开启了一个崭新的行政管理学研究领域。专门研究"行政战略"的学问就是"战略行政学"。     

完善我国大型国有企业政府董事制度建设的途径

目前,我国大型国有企业改革的重点在于公司治理的完善,而其关键在于建设强大而有效的董事会,其中政府董事制度的建立是完善大型国有企业董事会建设的核心。本文提出了政府董事的概念,并分析了其在国有企业董事会中的职责,在此基础上以青岛啤酒股份有限公司为例探讨了我国大型国有企业政府董事制度建设的现状与存在的问题,进而提出了如何完善我国政府董事制度建设的途径。     

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实际工作中,税务机关无论是在纳税人个人隐私信息的收集与保管、使用与公开,还是在个人隐私信息侵权救济方面都不同程度地存在着纳税人隐私权被侵犯问题。为此,本文认为解决的办法是:对纳税人个人信息的收集与保管应该在法定职权范围内进行,并适时更新保持信息准确;纳税人个人信息使用与公开要合理合规且合法;完善保护纳税人个人隐私权的法律制度,制定《个人数据保护条例》等。     

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正义是社会制度的首要价值。然而,中国当代的正义存在一些缺损问题,即正义取向出现了偏差,形式正义与实质正义、算术正义与比例正义、交换正义与分配正义等正义形式出现了缺损。本文提出通过加强制度建设来改善正义缺损问题的现状,因为制度最基本、最重要的功能就是保障社会的公平正义。