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81.
Megan R. Holmes Anna E. Bender David S. Crampton Laura A. Voith Dana M. Prince 《Juvenile & family court journal》2019,70(4):11-36
Twenty years ago the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges published Effective Intervention in Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment: Guidelines for Policy and Practice, which became known as the Greenbook because of its green cover. This article presents the social science research leading up to the Greenbook and the 20 years beyond the publication of this seminal document, including examination of the effect of co‐occurrence of child maltreatment and exposure to domestic violence on child outcomes, the interventions for families to improve the safety of both child and adult victims, and future directions for research. 相似文献
82.
Peter D. Maskell Calum Holmes Margaux Huismann Struan Reid Martin Carr Benjamin J. Jones Dawn L. Maskell 《Science & justice》2018,58(4):271-275
It is common for forensic practitioners to calculate an individual's likely blood alcohol concentration following the consumption of alcoholic beverage(s) for legal purposes, such as in driving under the influence (DUI) cases. It is important in these cases to be able to give the uncertainty of measurement on any calculated result, for this reason uncertainty data for the variables used for any calculation are required. In order to determine the uncertainty associated with the alcohol concentration of beer in the UK the alcohol concentration (%v/v) of 218 packaged beers (112 with an alcohol concentration of ≤5.5%v/v and 106 with an alcohol concentration of >5.5%v/v) were tested using an industry standard near infra-red (NIR) analyser. The range of labelled beer alcohol by volume (ABV's) tested was 3.4%v/v – 14%v/v. The beers were obtained from a range of outlets throughout the UK over a period of 12?months. The root mean square error (RMSE) was found to be ±0.43%v/v (beers with declared %ABV of ≤5.5%v/v) and ±0.53%v/v (beers with declared %ABV of >5.5%v/v) the RMSE for all beers was ±0.48%v/v. The standard deviation from the declared %ABV is larger than those previously utilised for uncertainty calculations and illustrates the importance of appropriate experimental data for use in the determination of uncertainty in forensic calculations. 相似文献
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Observers say that drug production fuels violence in Colombia, but does coca production explain different levels of violence? This article examines the relationship between coca production and guerrilla violence by reviewing national‐level data over time and studying Colombia by department, exploring the interactions among guerrilla violence, exports, development, and displacement. It uses historical analysis, cartographic visualization, and analysis of the trends in four high coca‐producing and four violent Colombian departments, along with a department‐level fixed effects model. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the department‐level analysis suggests that coca production is not the driving force of contemporary Colombian guerrilla violence. Instead, economic factors and coca eradication emerge as prominent explanatory factors. 相似文献
85.
Many government organizations utilize volunteers to enhance services, and volunteers have been used in law enforcement agencies for a variety of functions. However, volunteers in American policing are a largely under-studied part of the criminal justice system. This current paper examines the utilization of volunteer reserves, auxiliaries, and special deputies in the office of the American sheriff. The article also examines the perceived organizational characteristics of those agencies that treat volunteers the same as regular full-time sworn deputies by allowing them full power of arrest and the authority to carry a weapon on and off duty. The results generally show that volunteer deputies that are treated the same as their full-time counterparts in regard to authority and responsibility are generally more satisfied with their role within the organization and report greater satisfaction with the organization in terms of communication, leadership, and professionalism. 相似文献
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This article is an attempt to comprehend the bureaucratic phenomenon of the deathwatch, the last 24 hours of a prisoner’s
life, stressing the theoretical applications scholars can make to the study of docile bodies on death row. Because years of
work are necessary to obtain obedience from condemned inmates, health care professionals lend more than an aura of legitimacy
to the capital punishment process. As an integral part of the prison and capital punishment, they provide stability, reliability,
and the means to achieve the goals of peaceful executions. The ultimate objective of utilizing health care professionals is
the sanitization of penal practice and penal language to effect the complete absence of resistance from the condemned. 相似文献
90.
Holmes Stephen T. Reynolds K. Michael Holmes Ronald M. Faulkner Samuel 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1998,23(1):83-106
This study is based on previous research denoting the primary factors that influence officer decisions regarding the use of
differing levels of force in police-citizen encounters. Using a totality of the circumstance approach, primary emphasis is
directed toward explaining those factors that contribute to officers’ estimation of the perceived level of threat inherent
in police-citizen encounters. Officers’ perceived level of threat presented by a suspect or the situational context of an
encounter is important because in 1989, the Supreme Court in theGraham v. Conner decision mandated that the appropriate amount of force that can be utilized depends on the following four primary factors:
the threat, offense severity, actual resistance offered, and whether the suspect is trying to escape custody. These criteria
were tested and placed into a predictive model along with other indicators the literature has found to be correlated with
situations in which police force is used more often. The findings suggest that while the threat presented to officers is important
and related to the level of force that is deemed appropriate by the police profession, many additional elements must be taken
into consideration when interpreting if an officer used force correctly. 相似文献