Keeping Outer Space Peaceful and Safe

SPACE has become more and more woven into our daily lives:Satellites that orbit the earth send and receive signals and data that are used for Internet communication.Satellites also produce the GPS networks that allow us to navigate our streets,pinpoint our locations,and monitor our weather.Meanwhile the introduction of 5G capability will substantially increase the speed of the Internet and"the Internet of things" propelled by artificial intelli-gence and the rise of big data.     

“A Ship of Clever Lads:” Origins,Occupations and Physique of Male British Convicts Transported to Australia, 1842–3

Adult male convicts transported from Great Britain to Australia in two ships in 1842 and 1843 are described. The study reports their social origins, occupations, and heights which are compared with groups of men in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The data contribute to two issues about the convict population in early Australia, namely, comparative heights and occupations.     

ISSUES AND MISCONCEPTIONS IN PRISONER LITIGATION: A CRITICAL VIEW*

In the past quarter-century, the number of suits filed by prisoners in federal courts has substantially increased. Critics have borrowed metaphors from ballistics or pathologv to describe this increase as an “epidemic” of “legal pollution” or an “explosion.” The causes of this “hyperlexis,” or excessive litigation, are often attributed to prisoners' attempts to retry their cases once they have lost, or to some psychological attribute of plaintiffs who view litigation as a means of striking back at their keepers. This paper examines several common conceptions of prisoner litigation. National ling data from federal district courts are used to assess the merits of each. The data provide little support for many of the conceptions of and explanations for prisoner suits. It is suggested that prisoners' use of courts may be a form of social resistance to conditions for which there is no other legitimate avenue for relief: