Legislative-policy initiatives as a problem-solving process: The case of technology transfer

Legislative and policy initiatives can be viewed as a problem-solving process that includes the following steps: [1] problem identification, [2] identification of objectives, [3] strategies, [4] evaluation of strategies, [5] decision(s), and [6] implementation. This paper uses policies related to technology transfer as a “test case” issue area. It identifies four historical phases for technology transfer—extension service, space-defense spin-off, intergovermental, international, and technology commercialization—and their related objectives. Seven technology-transfer models are presented for accomplishing these objectives: intermediary mechanisms, decentralized invention management, cooperative research, patent waivers, personal incentives, personnel-exchange programs, and foreign patent rights. Actual examples, evaluation criteria, and resulting decisions are subsequently presented. Finally, implementation issues (regulations, technical assistance and training, and financial considerations) are discussed. Sally A. Rood, a public-sector consultant, recently co-authored a handbook on technology transfer for the US Conference of Mayors. She produces a series of bi-monthly bulletins on economic development for the Academy for State and Local Government and the National Council for Urban Economic Development. She is working on her Ph.D. in Public Administration.     

Annual Index 2002

China's rural land rights regime is being reformed. Most explanations for the reforms focus on the efficiency effects anticipated from the strengthening of villagers' land rights. In contrast, this article argues that rural land rights reforms are intended to resolve the intra-state and state-society contention generated by China's market transition and globalization, and to mediate villagers' dispossession of their land and their transformation into a proletariat.     

Complicating Complicity: Aiding and Abetting Causing Death by Dangerous Driving in R v Martin

The law of complicity, particularly relating to joint enterprise liability, appears to becoming more and more complicated. Cases on secondary liability for murder in the Court of Appeal demonstrate that this area of law is difficult to interpret and to apply. Even more complex is the question of how to apply these cases to offences other than murder. This case note attempts to address the Court of Appeal's questions in the case of R v Martin as to how the jury ought to be directed in a case of aiding and abetting causing death by dangerous driving.     

Law From Below: Women's Human Rights and Social Movements in New York City

Despite the ambivalent history of the domestic application of human rights in the United States, human rights increasingly offer important resources for American grassroots activists. Within the constraints of U.S. policy toward human rights, they provide social movements a kind of global law "from below": a form of cosmopolitan law that subalterns can use to challenge their subordinate position. Using a case study from New York City, we argue that in certain contexts, human rights can provide important political resources to U.S. social movements. However, they do so in a diffuse way far from the formal system of human rights law. Instead, activists adopt some of the broader social justice ideas and strategies embedded within human rights practice.     

Book reviews

General

Asia's Population Problems. With a discussion of Populations and Immigration in Australia. Edited by S. Chandrasekhar. London, Allen and Unwin, 1967. Pp. 311. Map. Index. 45s.

Central Asia

Islam in the Soviet Union. By Alexandra Bcnningsen and Chantal Lemercier‐Quelquejay. London, Pall Mall Press in association with the Central Asian Research Centre, 1967. Pp. xiii + 272. Maps. Bibliog. Indexes. 50s.

A Sino‐Soviet Cultural Frontier. The Hi Kazakh Autonomous Chou. By George Moseley. Harvard University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. viii + 163. Index. 24s.

Afghanistan. By John C. Griffiths. London, Pall Mall Press, 1967. Pp. viii + 179. Maps. Index. 30s.

Afghanistan. By W. K. Fraser‐Tytler. Third edition, revised by M. C. Gillett. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. xvi + 362. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 45s.

The Northern Tier: Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey. By Rouhollah K. Ramazani. Van Nostrand Inc., London and New York, 1966. Pp. 142. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 12s.

South Asia

Cabinet Government in India. By R. J. Venkateswaran. London, Allen and Unwin, 1967. Pp. 200. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

Experiment with Freedom. India and Pakistan, 1947. By Hugh Tinker. Published for Chatham House by Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. x + 165. 15s.

The Making of Pakistan. A Study in Nationalism. By K. K. Aziz. London, Chatto and Windus, 1967. Pp. 228. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

Pakistan: Its Ideology and Foreign Policy. By Arif Hussain. London, Frank Cass, 1966. Pp. 186. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

Land Tenure in Village Ceylon. A Sociological and Historical Study. By G. Obeyesekere. London, Cambridge University Press, 1967. Pp. xi + 319. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 70s.

South West Asia

The Middle East Crisis: A Personal Interpretation. By Glubb Pasha. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1967. Pp. 48. Maps. 3s. 6d.

The Communist Movement in Iran. By Sepehr Zabih. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. London: Cambridge University Press, 1966. Pp. viii + 279. Bibliog. Index. $6.00. 48s.

South East Asia

Vietnam. A Diplomatic Tragedy. Origins of U.S. Involvement. By Victor Bator. London, Faber and Faber, 1967. Pp. 253. Map. Index. 42s.

Victor Charlie. The Face of War in Vietnam. By Kuno Knoebl. Translated from the German by Abe Farbstein. London, Pall Mall Press, 1967. Pp. xiv + 304. 42s.

A Concise History of Southeast Asia. By Nicholas Tarling. London, Pall Mall Press, 1967. Pp. xvix + 334. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 52s. 6d.

Malaysia and its Neighbours. By J. M. Gullick. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967. Pp. xiii + 194. Map. Bibliog. Index. Hard cover, 25s. Paperback, 12s. 6d.

Ideology in Indonesia. Sukarno's Indonesian Revolution. By Donald E. Weather‐bee. Yale University. South East Asian Studies. Monograph Series No. 8, 1966. Pp. x + 125. (No price.)

International Aid to Thailand. The New Colonialism. By Ronald C. Nairn. London, Yale University Press, 1966. Pp. vi + 228. Bibliog. Index. 48s.

The Rice Bowl of Asia. By David M. Davies. London, Robert Hale, 1967. Pp. 176. 25s.

Far East

Stages of Industrial Development in Asia. By Sung Jae Koh. University of Pennsylvania Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. 461. Index 96s.

Britain and the Rise of Communist China. A Study of British Attitudes 1945–54. By Brian Porter. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. 195. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

Political Participation in Communist China. By James R. Townsend. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967. Pp. 233. Index. 44s.

The Function of “China” in Marx, Lenin and Mao. By Donald M. Lowe. University of California Press, 1967. Pp. xiv + 200. Bibliog. Index. 40s.

The Party and the National Question in China. Edited and translated by George Moseley. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1966. Pp. ix + 186. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 60s.

The Role of the Chinese Army. By John Gittings. London, Oxford University Press for Chatham House, 1967. Pp. xix + 331. Bibliog. Index. 50s.

China Looks at the World. Reflections for a dialogue: eight letters to Tang‐lin. By François Geoffrey‐Dechaume. Translated from the French by Jean Stewart. Foreword by Philip Noel‐Baker, M.P.; Introduction by Professor Paul Mus. London, Faber, 1967. Pp. 327. Index. 36s.

The Chinese Chameleon. An Analysis of European Conceptions of Chinese Civilization. By Raymond Dawson. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. 235. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Biography and Autobiography

Gandhi's Emissary. By Sudhir Ghosh. London, The Cresset Press, 1967. Pp. 351. Illus. Index. 42s.

Rudyard Kipling. Realist and Fabulist. By Bonamy Dobrée. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. x + 244. Index. 30s.

Early English Travellers in India. By Ram Chandra Prasad. Delhi, Sunderlal Jain, 1965. Pp. xxii + 392. Map. Illus. Bibliog. Index. Rs.25.

Warlord: Yen Hsi‐shan in Shansi Province, 1911–1949. By Donald G. Gillin. Princeton University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. xiv + 334. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 72s.

Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang‐hsi Emperor: Bondservant and Master. By Jonathan D. Spence. Yale University Press, 1967. Pp. xiv 4. 329. Map. Bibliog. Index. 56s.

Culture and civilization

Modern Arabic Short Stories. Selected and translated by Denys Johnson‐Davies, with an Introduction by Professor A. J. Arberry. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. 194. 25s.

The Tree Climber. A Play. By Tewfik al Hakim. Translated from the Arabic by Denys Johnson‐Davies. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. 87. 6s. 6d.

Javid‐Nama. By Sir Muhammad Iqbal. Translated from the Persian with introduction and notes by A. J. Arberry. London, Allen and Unwin, 1966. Pp. 151. Bibliog. Index. 27s.

History

North‐West Frontier. People and Events 1839–1947. By Arthur Swinson. London, Hutchinson, 1967. Pp. 354. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 45s.

The West in Asia 1850–1914. By Michael Edwardes. London, Batsford, 1967. Pp. 216. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Indochina. By Bernard Philippe Groslier, trans. James Hogarth. London, Frederick Muller, 1966. Pp. 283. Endpaper maps. 35 colour plates; 110 monochrome plates. Bibliog. Index. 70s.

Malaysia: Selected Historical Readings. Compiled by John Bastin and Robin W. W. Winks. Kuala Lumpur; London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. xvi + 484. Maps. Bibliog. Index. £4 10s.

Henri Mouhot's Diary. Edited and abridged by Christopher Pym. Kuala Lumpur; London, Oxford University Press, 1960. Pp. xxii + 160. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 37s. 6d.

Stories by Sir Hugh Clifford. Selected and introduced by William R. Roff. Kuala Lumpur; London, Oford University Press, 1966. Pp. xviii + 225. 42s.

Trente Siècles d'Histoire de Chine. By Roger Lévy. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1967. Pp. 309. Maps. F.10.

Strangers at the Gate. Social Disorders in South China, 1839–1861. By Frederic Wakeman Jr. University of California Press; London, Cambridge University Press, 1967. Pp. 276. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 48s.

Feudal Control in Tokugawa Japan. By Toshio G. Tsukahira. Harvard University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. 228. Bibliog. Index. Paperback, 28s.

Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868–1900. By George Akita. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. viii + 292. Bibliog. Index. 68s.

Political thought in early Meiji Japan, 1868–1889. By Joseph S. J. Pittau. London, Oxford University Press, 1967. Pp. vi + 250. Bibliog. Index. 56s.

Religion and philosophy

Islamic Reform. The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad ‘Abduh and Rashid Rida. By Malcolm H. Kerr. University of California Press; London, Cambridge University Press, 1967. Pp. vii + 249. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Travel

Tibetan Venture. By C. G. Lewis. London, Robert Hale, 1967. Pp. 191. Illus. 21s.

Tribes and Tribulations. By Peter Somerville‐Large. London, Robert Hale, 1967. Pp. 188. Map. Illus. 25s.

Love and Hate in China. By Hans Koningsberger. London, Jonathan Cape, 1967. Pp. 150. 21s.     

Secularization and modernization in Turkey: the ideas of Ziya Gökalp

The pupose of this essay is to re-evaluate the ideas of Ziya Gökalp (1876–1924), the official ideologue of the Young Turk movement and holder of the first chair of sociology at Istanbul University (1912), whose significance within the history of secular political thought and practice in Turkey remains inadequately explored. Focusing on Gökalp's view of the relationship between nationalism, religion and modernity in the Turkish context, I offe both an account of existing Anglophone interpretations of Gökalp's ideas and an alternative intepretation. In the latter, I seek to identify a conceptual frame in Gökalp's thought: the set of concerns and historical developments which comprise what I call the secularization problematic of modernity and which has implications for understanding his view of the relationship between religion and modernity in general and between Islam and Turkish nationalism in the context of modernization in particular.