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41.
Spitz DJ Prator PC Stratton JE Labiste L Augenstein JS Mackinnon J Phillips J Singer M Perdeck E Chimento S 《Journal of forensic sciences》2005,50(1):159-163
Although seat belts significantly reduce the extent and severity of injuries sustained by motor vehicle occupants, seat belts are known to be associated with chest and abdominal trauma. Less commonly understood are severe neck injuries caused by the use of two-point automatic shoulder harnesses without concurrent use of a manual lap belt. Such injuries may include cervical spine fractures, craniocervical dislocations and rarely decapitation. Recognizing patterned injuries caused by seat belts and the ability to correlate autopsy findings with the circumstances surrounding the death will allow for correct interpretation of seat-belt related trauma. The four cases described detail fatal neck injuries as a result of improper seat belt use in which an automatic two-point shoulder harness was used without a manual lap restraint. In two of the cases, the victims were decapitated. 相似文献
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Research on primary confessions has demonstrated that it is a powerful form of evidence. The goal of the current research was to investigate whether secondary confessions – the suspect confesses to another individual who in turn then reports the confession to the police – could be as persuasive. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read a murder trial containing an eyewitness identification, a secondary confession, and character testimony, and made midtrial assessments of the evidence. Results indicated that the secondary confession was evaluated as the most incriminating. In Experiment 3, participants read summaries of four criminal trials, each of which contained a primary confession, a secondary confession, eyewitness identification, or none of the above. The two confession conditions produced significantly higher conviction rates. Our findings suggest that secondary confessions are another powerful and potentially dangerous form of evidence. 相似文献
44.
Lisa Hutchinson Wallace Stacy C. Moak Nathan T. Moore 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2005,29(2):217-233
While much of the current social control literature has examined the role of religiosity in delinquency, very little attention
has been given to its effect on school delinquency. This study sought to fill that void by examining the effectiveness of
social bond theory in restraining students from committing school delinquency in a rural Southern county. Further, given the
literature that suggests that delinquency varies along developmental stages, the authors also sought to determine the effect
of the revised social bond along 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. Findings indicate that social control theory was moderately
successful in explaining school delinquency, while religion achieved significance in the 6th, 8th, and 12th grades, but not
the 10th grade. Suggestions for practitioners and policy makers are also discussed.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Criminal Justice Association, Raleigh,
NC, 2004. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of seven discriminant function equations that have been derived by Steyn and Is?an for sex determination using measurements of the femur and tibia of South Africans of European descent (SAED). While the validity of some of the discriminant functions has been assessed by the authors who derived them, no previous independent study has been carried out to assess the accuracy of these equations. These equations have not been tested on skeletons located outside of the Gauteng province. A suite of measurements were taken on 272 femora and 256 tibiae obtained from four South African skeletal collections. The validity of each of the previously published equations for the femur was confirmed. However, two functions of the tibia showed low accuracy rates, most likely due to difficulties in recording the distal epiphyseal breadth measurement, and thus were found to be poor assessors of sex. 相似文献
47.
Kylie N. Key Stacy A. Wetmore Daniella K. Cash Jeffrey S. Neuschatz Scott D. Gronlund 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2017,32(4):369-377
This study examined the effects of post-identification feedback on witness retrospective self-reports in showups and lineups, and importantly, focused on guilty and innocent suspect identifications. After viewing a mock crime video, participants were asked to identify the suspect from either a target-present or target-absent photo lineup or showup. Participants were randomly assigned to receive confirming feedback (“Great job, you made the correct decision”) or no feedback about their identification, before self-reporting confidence, view, attention, willingness to testify, and trust of a witness with a similar view. We replicated the typical finding that confirming feedback inflated witness self-reports and resulted in a larger proportion of witnesses meeting the credibility threshold necessary to testify. Importantly, we also found that showups had significantly higher self-reports than lineups, despite the equal discriminability achieved in this study between these two procedures. These data provide yet another reason for the police to restrict use of showups. 相似文献
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Kylie N. Key Jeffrey S. Neuschatz Brian H. Bornstein Stacy A. Wetmore Katie M. Luecht Kimberly S. Dellapaolera 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2018,24(1):1-13
We surveyed students, community members, and defense attorneys regarding beliefs about secondary confession evidence (i.e. when a third party tells authorities that a person has confessed to him or her) from jailhouse informants and other sources. Results indicated that laypeople perceive secondary confessions as less credible than other types of evidence (e.g. forensics, DNA, eyewitness testimony), and they are knowledgeable about factors that may influence the veracity of secondary confessions, such as incentives or previous testimony. However, they underestimated or were uncertain about how persuasive secondary confessions would be to themselves or other jurors. Compared to laypeople, defense attorneys were more sensitive about issues affecting the reliability of secondary confessions. 相似文献
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