This article presents three main findings from a purposive stratified survey of urban and rural residents. First, Chinese
citizens “disaggregate” the state with high levels of satisfaction for Central government that fall dramatically as government
gets closer to the people. Satisfaction levels are noticeably lower for those in rural China. Second, attitudes about the
way policy is implemented by local governments raise concerns. Irrespective of place of residence, respondents feel that when
implementing policy local officials and governments are mainly concerned with their own interests, are more receptive to the
views of their superiors rather than those of ordinary people, favor those with money, and are formalistic in implementing
policy rather than dealing with actual problems. Third, the areas of work that citizens would really like government to concentrate
on are job creation and providing basic guarantees to protect against the shocks of the transition to a market economy.
Tony Saich is the Daewoo Professor of International Affairs, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and Director
of the Harvard University Asia Center. His recent research focuses on the development of social policy in China, particularly
on the provision of public goods by local governments. His publications include Governance and Politics of China by Palgrave and edited volumes on Financial Sector Reform in China (with Yasheng Huang and Edward Steinfeld) and AIDS and Social Policy in China (with Joan Kaufman and Arthur Kleinman both by Harvard University Asia Center. He would like to thank Edward Cunningham for
his great help in preparing this article. He also wants to thank Victor Yuan (Horizon Market Research Company) for his tremendous
help in designing the survey and implementing it. In addition, I would like to thank Anita Chan, Martin King Whyte and two
anonymous reviewers for their extremely helpful comments on an earlier draft. 相似文献
The act of leaving a victim's body in an unusual position is a conscious criminal action by an offender to thwart an investigation, shock the finder and investigators of the crime scene, or give perverted pleasure to the killer. The unusual position concepts of posing and staging a murder victim have been documented thoroughly and have been accepted by the courts as a definable phenomenon. One staging case and one posing case are outlined and reveal characteristics of those homicides. From the Washington State Attorney General's Homicide Investigation and Tracking System's database on murder covering the years 1981-2000 (a total of 5,224 cases), the relative frequency of unusual body dispositions is revealed as a very rare occurrence. Only 1.3% of victims are left in an unusual position, with 0.3% being posed and 0.1% being staged. The characteristics of these types of murders also set them apart: compared to all other murders, in staged murders the victims and killers are, on average, older. All victims and offenders in the staged murders are white, with victims being disproportionately white in murders with any kind of unusual body disposition. Likewise, females stand out as victims when the body is posed, staged, or left in other unusual positions. Whereas posed bodies are more likely to include sexual assault, often in serial murders, there is no evidence of either in the staged cases. Lastly, when a body is left in an unusual position, binding is more likely, as well as the use of more "hands on" means of killing the victim, such as stabbing or cutting weapons, bludgeons, ligatures, or hands and feet. 相似文献
Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa by Brian Titley. McGill‐Queen's University Press, Québec (Canada) and Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, (UK), 1997. xii. plus 5pp. of illustrations (photographs and a map of the Central African Republic) plus 257pp. including notes, bibliography and index. £22.95 hardback.
The Making of a Periphery: Economic Development and Cultural Encounters in Southern Tanzania edited by Pekka Seppala and Bertha Koda. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala (Sweden), 1998. 344 pp. including figures, tables, maps, notes, bibliography and index. Paperback.
Farewell to Farms: De‐agrarianization and Employment in Africa edited by D.F. Bryceson and V. Jamal. Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Aldershot, 1997. iv plus 265pp. including figures, tables, notes and index.
The World Bank and Nigeria: Cornucopia or Pandora's Box? by Rufai Ahmed Alkali. Kaduna, Baraka Press, 1997. 205pp. including selected references.
Sustaining the Future: Economic, Social and Environmental Change in Sub‐Saharan Africa edited by George Benneh, William B.Morgan and Juha I.Uitto. The United Nations University Press, Tokyo, New York and Paris, 1996. 相似文献