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101.
Rebecca K. Helm Valerie F. Reyna Allison A. Franz Rachel Z. Novick Sarah Dincin Amanda E. Cort 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2018,24(9):915-934
In the American criminal justice system the vast majority of criminal convictions occur as the result of guilty pleas, often made as a result of plea bargains, rather than jury trials. The incentives offered in exchange for guilty pleas mean that both innocent and guilty defendants plead guilty. We investigate the role of attorneys in this context, through interviews with criminal defense attorneys. We examine defense attorney perspectives on the extent to which innocent defendants are (and should be) pleading guilty in the current legal framework and investigate their views of their own role in this complex system. We also use a hypothetical case to probe the ways in which defense attorneys consider guilt or innocence when providing advice on pleas. Results indicate that attorney advice is influenced by guilt or innocence, but also that attorneys are limited in the extent to which they can negotiate justice for their clients in a system in which uncertainty and large discrepancies between outcomes of guilty pleas and conviction at trial can make it a sensible option to plead guilty even when innocent. Results also suggest conflicting opinions over the role of the attorney in the plea-bargaining process. 相似文献
102.
Powley KD Dahlstrom DB Atkins VJ Fackler ML 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2004,25(4):273-275
PURPOSE: To determine the V-50 threshold velocity needed for a steel BB to penetrate the eye of a 230-pound pig. METHOD: BBs were shot at a distance of 10 feet into the corneas of pig eyes with a pump-action BB gun. RESULTS: The V-50 velocity for corneal penetration and serious disruption of the eye was found to be 246 ft/sec. CONCLUSION: Due to the nearly identical size and anatomy of the human eye to the pig eyes used in this study, it is felt that 246 ft/sec is a reasonable approximation of the velocity needed to penetrate the human eye. 相似文献
103.
A field experiment tested the effect of an Arizona civil jury reform that allows jurors to discuss evidence among themselves during the trial. Judges, jurors, attorneys, and litigants completed questionnaires in trials randomly assigned to either a Trial Discussions condition, in which jurors were permitted to discuss the evidence during trial, or a No Discussions condition, in which jurors were prohibited from discussing the evidence during trial according to traditional admonitions. Judicial agreement with jury verdicts did not differ between conditions. Permitting jurors to discuss the evidence did affect the degree of certainty that jurors reported about their preferences at the start of jury deliberations, the level of conflict on the jury, and the likelihood of reaching unanimity. 相似文献
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106.
Valerie Arnould 《Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding》2016,10(3):321-338
ABSTRACTThis article examines the place of transitional justice in peacebuilding by exploring how domestic and international actors frame this relationship and how this, in turn, moulds dynamics of contestation around transitional justice. In the transitional justice literature, contestation is usually framed around an international–domestic dichotomy: transitional justice agendas promoted by external actors confront strategies of instrumental adaptation of transitional justice by domestic elites and the adoption of alternative transitional justice approaches by local actors. Based on an analysis of transitional justice policy-making in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), this paper proposes that a more multifaceted reading of contestation to transitional justice is needed. In the DRC, both external and domestic actors variously acted as transitional justice promoters and resisters, and their positioning on transitional justice was strongly conditioned by their broader understandings of the nature of the conflict and transitional justice’s role in peacebuilding. It is therefore suggested that contestation of transitional justice does not necessarily reflect a rejection of international approaches to justice, but instead more broadly expresses a lack of agreement on what transitional justice is and what its goals are. The article thus contributes to a broader interrogation of how discourses about the meaning of transitional justice are constructed in practice. 相似文献
107.
Stander VA Merrill LL Thomsen CJ Crouch JL Milner JS 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2008,23(11):1636-1653
Female (n = 5,226) and male (n = 5,969) U.S. Navy recruits completed a survey assessing their premilitary histories of adult sexual assault (SA), defined as attempted or completed rape since the age of 14. The survey was completed under anonymous or identified conditions. Overall, 39% of women reported premilitary SA victimization and 13% of men admitted premilitary SA perpetration. As predicted, rates were significantly higher in the anonymous than in the identified condition. For the sample of women as a whole, marital status, ethnicity, and family income were associated with SA victimization; for men, only marital status was associated with SA perpetration. Compared to previous college samples, Navy recruits were more likely to have previous SA experience. Given the negative consequences associated with SA victimization and perpetration, the present study reinforces the desirability of developing additional treatment, education, and prevention programs to reduce the occurrence of SA among military recruits. 相似文献
108.
Victims of injustice and aggression may have strong feelings about the perpetrator(s) that may impede their efforts to cope with the victimizing experience. We examined to what extent adolescents’ interpersonal responses to victimization in terms of revenge and forgiveness depend on offense type. Of 455 Dutch students from various educational levels, 379 participants reported being victimized by incidents of injustice, aggression, or violence. These incidents were categorized according to type and related to respondents’ self-reported revenge, avoidance, and benevolence toward the perpetrator. Victims of criminal offenses (physical and sexual violence, theft, and threat) reported less forgiving motivations than victims of noncriminal transgressions (bullying, ostracism, and other forms of indirect aggression). Sexual violence primarily elicited avoidance, rather than revenge. Gender differences in responses to victimization depended on offense type, too. Hence, to enhance our knowledge about revenge and forgiveness after victimization, future studies may need to take offense characteristics into account. 相似文献
109.
Valerie Oosterveld 《Human Rights Review》2009,10(1):73-98
Serious gender-based crimes were committed against women and girls during Sierra Leone’s decade-long armed conflict. This
article examines how the Special Court for Sierra Leone has approached these crimes in its first four judgments. The June
20, 2007 trial judgment in the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council case assists international criminal law’s limited understanding
of the crime against humanity of forced marriage, but also collapses evidence of that crime into the war crime of outrages
upon personal dignity. The February 22, 2008 appeals judgment attempts to correct this misstep. In contrast, the August 2,
2007 trial judgment in the Civil Defence Forces case is virtually silent on crimes committed against women and girls, although
the May 28, 2008 appeals judgment attempts to partially redress this silence. This article concludes that the four judgments,
considered together, raise the specter that the Special Court could potentially fail to make a significant progressive contribution
to gender-sensitive transitional justice.
相似文献
Valerie OosterveldEmail: |
110.
Valerie Cromwell 《议会、议员及代表》2013,33(2):189-190
W?adys?aw Czapliński (ed): The Polish Parliament at the Summit of Its Development (16th ‐ 17th Centuries): Anthologies (Polish Historical Library, no. 6, Marian Biskup ed.). (Zaklad Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, Wroc?aw, 1985; pp. 214; ISBN 83 04 01861 6; pb, z? 200). Ulrich Lange: Landtag und Ausschuß. Zum Problem der Handlungsfähigkeit landständischer Versammlungen im Zeitalter der Entstehung des frühmodernen Staates. Die weifischen Territorien als Beispiel (1500–1629). (Hildesheim: Lax, 1986). 278 pp. (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen XXIV: Untersuchungen zur Ständegeschichte Niedersachscns. Bd. 6. DM.68). Gerhard A. Ritter (Transl. Kim Traynor): Social Welfare in Germany and Britain: Origins and Development, (Berg Publishers, Leamington Spa and New York, ISBN 0–907582–49–4 xi, 300pp. £30; 1986). 相似文献