论“四夷”称谓的变化

我国先秦时期,华夏统治者往往将公布于祖国周边地区的其他民族称为“夷、蛮、戎、狄”,有时也将其中的某一称谓与方位概念联系起来,如“东夷”、“西戎”、“北狄”之类。不过,当时不但尚未形成所谓“东夷、西戎、南蛮、北狄”的系统观念,而且就是某一称谓与具体方位的联系也不固定。如《孟子·离娄》既称舜为“东夷之人”,又称周文王姬昌为“西夷之人”,又如《诗·小雅·出车》虽将西方的民族称为“西戎”,但《书·仲虺之诰》又将其称为“西夷”,至于“蛮”在先秦文献中,从未见将其与“南”联系一起,而称“南蛮”之例。可见,当时所谓夷,蛮,戎,狄,都只不过是中原华夏统治者对周边其他民族的泛称而已。只是到了秦汉以来,为适应封建大统一需要,才将夷,蛮、戎。狄与东,南、西、北的具体方位联系起来,逐步形成所谓“东夷、西戎、南蛮、北狄”的系统观念,使这些称谓具有具体的方位性含意,而且这些称谓也逐步被赋予了歧视、侮辱性的内容。     

Corporate crime: State-owned enterprises in China

Conclusion A decade ago, the Chinese leadership frankly acknowledged that the model of a fully planned economy, with its system of state-owned and state-run enterprises, was what Lenin had called a bureaucratic dream. 86 Today, state-owned enterprises are enjoying far more freedom to operate, and the state is trying to control them with more law and fewer plans. The use of criminal law to confront corporate crime is part of the effort to import advanced management methods from the West. Nonetheless, in the context of state ownership and Party leadership, the appropriateness of this approach is questionable.The Company Law is a new instrument to bring about fundamental changes in China's system of business organizations. These changes will help determine the scope and limits of criminal law, as applied to corporate enterprises, in the next decade. In this context, I would suggest replacing the concept ofdanwei crime with the concept of corporate or company (gongsi) crime; distinguishing thosefaren that can independently bear criminal liability from those that cannot; and clearly defining the elements of corporate offenses. Corporate criminal liability is a concept applicable when the corporation not only commits the crime but also has the legal capacity to be liable in its own right. Individual liability is still the sole principle applicable to a government agency, even if the crime is collectively committed.Given the historic context of China's socioeconomic reform, criminal law reform can advance only gradually. To insure that Western concepts fit the Chinese setting, lawmakers must make certain that every new criminal statute or regulation is enforceable even where enterprises remain closely interconnected with the state and decision-makers in publicly owned enterprises are mainly appointees of the state.I gratefully acknowledge the invitation of Daniel Prefontaine, Director of the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and of the Hon. Josiah Wood of the British Columbia Court of Appeal, to present an earlier version of this essay at the eighth international conference of the Society for the Reform of Criminal Law, Hong Kong, December 4–8, 1994. Thanks are also due to Madeleine Sann, Director of Publication,Criminal Law Forum, for her excellent editorial comments.Postgraduate Diploma of Legal Studies, ECIPSL 1984, LL.M., Shanghai Academy of Social Science 1985; Ph.D. candidate, Simon Fraser University.     

非正式制度变迁与二元经济结构转换

资源配置重心转移和制度创新是中国二元经济结构转换的重要条件 ;城乡非正式制度演变的非均衡性是城乡二元经济结构转换的重要前提 ;城乡生产、生活方式的差异导致城乡不同的制度演进路径 ;农村地区非正式制度的变迁滞后阻碍了农村经济的现代化进程。推进城乡二元经济结构的转换 ,必须推动农村非正式制度的创新     

国际秩序辨析

国际秩序是国际政治的一个重要范畴,建立国际新秩序是中国国际战略的一个基本目标。在国际秩序的研究中,国际秩序的概念、构成要素、制约因素、性质判断等,仍是一些有待辨析和澄清的理论问题。     

海外归国留学人员与广东省社会经济发展研究

人才竞争已是经济全球化竞争中的核心,海外归国留学人员(以下简称"海归"人才)成为我国人才战略的重点.本文以广东省为例,利用有关资料,系统分析了"海归"人才对广东省社会经济发展的影响作用,并对广东省未来如何更好地吸引"海归"人才提出了若干政策建议 .     

对妇联组织变革动因及其途径的探讨

党的执政方式与政府职能转变带来的组织约束机制和资源获取方式的变化,全球化下国际妇女组织运作模式的影响,民间妇女团体大量涌现引发的组织竞争合作格局的改变,妇女群体利益需求多元化的挑战以及组织内部的结构性问题与强烈的变革愿望是妇联寻求组织变革的直接动因。实现这一变革的途径包括重新调整和发展妇联组织与党和政府的关系熏拓展妇联组织的职能熏实施资源开发战略熏对妇联组织的组织结构、组织制度和组织功能进行渐进式变革熏使妇联组织在主动适应内外部环境的变迁中获得不断地发展。     

论律师在侦查阶段的诉讼地位和诉讼权利

我国刑事诉讼法规定了律师在侦查阶段就可以介入刑事诉讼,但没有明确规定律师在侦查阶段的诉讼身份,并对律师介入侦查的诉讼权利进行种种限制,难以发挥律师在侦查阶段的职能作用。本文着重就律师在侦查阶段应以什么身份介入侦查以及在侦查阶段应享有哪些诉讼权利作了阐述并提出个人看法和建议。     

适应军事变革要求推进军队政治工作的创新发展

新军事变革的发展给我军政治工作带来的挑战,要求我军政治工作从转变观念入手,与时俱进,改革创新,使我军政治工作不断适应新形势的需要,为赢得未来战争的胜利提供服务保证.     

民主的经济理论－－公共选择视野下的政治经济互动

文章研究了民主政治与政府经济政策的关系，探讨了赤字下的民主、公民的财政幻觉、政治经济据环、代议制民主的缺陷等问题。     

论隐私权的边界--以公共信息为标准

隐私权是一种重要的具体人格权，体现了社会对人在作为独立个体角色时的尊重。但是人不可能总游离于社会角色以外，自然人的隐私和隐私权也有边界。隐私的边界不是自然人的公众人物的社会角色，而是信息的公共性或公益性。以公共利益等原则确定的公共信息来划定隐私权的边界，才能实现独立个体与群体社会的和谐统一。