Cynicism among juvenile probation officers: A study of subverted ideals

Since Niederhoffer's pioneering work with police, much attention has been paid to cynicism in several criminal justice settings. This research has led to a concept of cynicism as multidimensional. Based on these research findings, this study investigated cynicism in a new setting—juvenile probation. The specific focus was cynicism toward the rehabilitative ideal in juvenile justice. The study found that professionalism and longevity had effects that were opposite to what has been found in other settings. Moreover, this study found that idealistic cynicism is independent of perceptions of procedural efficacy, delinquency etiology, and, importantly, JPO role performance. We take these results to be in keeping with a general conclusion that cynicism is a judgment that varies within and across settings, audiences, and philosophical ideals, which calls for continued research refined by greater appreciation of situational specificity.     

Perceived similarity of mothers and their early adolescent daughters and relationship to behavior

The relationship between mothers' and their early adolescent daughters' self-concepts and the possible relationship to behavior is discussed in the literature review. In an exploratory study of 36 mother-daughter pairs, the mothers' self-concepts were moderately correlated (.37) and predicted their daughters' self-concepts on three of four factors (R=.43) but did not predict their behavior. There was a tendency for the daughter groups' maladaptive behaviors to increase as their self-concept scores decreased.     

American federal deficits and its international economic effects

One of the critical issues facing the United States is whether federal deficits will have not only a deleterious effect on the U.S. economy but on the rest of the world economy as well. This paper focuses on how federal deficits have, in large part, been responsible for keeping interest rates high, which has resulted in creating economic conditions that could severely affect world economic growth. It will be argued that U.S. policymakers need to take into account how the world economy has become increasingly interdependent. This interdependence of the world economy will inevitably require a rethinking of present economic policies and how a new national strategy must be developed sensitive to this new reality.     

Calcification and ossification in the arytenoid cartilage: incidence and patterns

Calcification or ossification occurs early and commonly in the arytenoid cartilage. It may be difficult to detect, but there are only eight patterns that specifically identify ossification and calcification. Each arytenoid independently ossifies or calcifies. The cervical spine examination can specifically identify the patterns found at autopsy.