Age, sex and body mass index in relation to calvarial diploe thickness and craniometric data on MRI

It might be critical to determine sex, body mass and age of the individual from skull in forensic medicine and anthropology. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate whether a relationship existed between the diploeic bone thickness measured from glabella, bregma, lambda, opisthocranion, and euryon regions and sex, age and body mass index of the individual. Glabella-opisthocranion, vertex-basion, euryon-euryon, basion-opisthion length were also determined for the same purpose. The anthropological landmarks were determined on sagittal and axial T1-weighted sequences and measurements were obtained on a workstation by two radiologists. A total of 107 subjects (F/M:59/48; mean age: 45.05+/-15.28, age range: 21-81) were included in the study. The mean body mass index was 25.51+/-4.44 [17.50-41]. There was a statistically significant linear correlation between age and diploe thickness from glabella, bregma, lambda, opisthocranion, right and left euryon. There was sexual dimorphism in all craniometric data including the distance between glabella-opisthocranion, vertex-basion, euryon-euryon, basion-opisthion, and calvarial volume. There was a statistically significant linear correlation between body mass index and basion-opisthion length. The diploe thicknesses from certain points of the calvarium are statistically related to each other. A standard cerebral MRI examination would be sufficient to obtain anthropological landmarks and craniometric data. According to this study, it might be possible to identify age, sex and body mass index of the individual from diploeic thickness and craniometric data.     

Reconceptualizing and operationalizing context in survey research on intimate partner violence

Survey research in the field of intimate partner violence is notably lacking in its attention to contextual factors. Early measures of intimate partner violence focused on simple counts of behaviors, yet attention to broader contextual factors remains limited. Contextual factors not only shape what behaviors are defined as intimate partner violence but also influence the ways women respond to victimization, the resources available to them, and the environments in which they cope with abuse. This article advances methods for reconceptualizing and operationalizing contextual factors salient to the measurement of intimate partner violence. The analytic focus of the discussion is on five dimensions of the social context: the situational context, the social construction of meaning by the survivor, cultural and historical contexts, and the context of systemic oppression. The authors consider how each dimension matters in the measurement of intimate partner violence and offer recommendations for systematically assessing these contextual factors in future research.     

Community violence in context: risk and resilience in children and families

Although some community violence research has examined the context of community violence, including the social, economic, and structural organization of neighborhoods, more needs to be learned about family, school, and community-level factors that may promote and lessen the incidence and prevalence of community violence. In addition, further research is needed on various social, environmental, and contextual factors hypothesized to protect youth from exposure. This article (a) reviews and examines the relation between neighborhood context and risk of violence exposure, (b) reviews current literature on predictors of community violence and mental health and behavioral consequences for children and families adversely affected by community violence, (c) examines sources of resilience and community strengths that extend beyond the individual, (d) discusses the contributions and limitations of current conceptualizations of risk and resilience, and (e) highlights directions for future research. Information from this review can inform community and government efforts to lessen community violence through prevention and treatment.     

UNCROC and the prevention of childhood obesity: the right not to have food advertisements on television

This article discusses how legal rights-based discourse could inform the response of Australian State and federal governments to the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity. The authors contend that the principles in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (a treaty which has been ratified but not implemented) are capable of providing a basis for a legislative program to prevent childhood obesity. It is argued that an approach to legislation which is grounded on the basis of children's rights would require that there be restrictions on advertising food to children. The authors set out specific proposals for legislative reforms which the federal Parliament could enact to implement the Convention so as to restrict advertising to children. The scope of the discussion is then expanded to consider the implications of rights-based discourse in broader public health contexts.     

法律和行政管理视角下的罗马尼亚公务员——融出入欧盟中的罗马尼亚公务员制度分析

作为东欧国家，罗马尼亚在2007年加入欧盟，分析罗马尼亚的公务员制度在法律上，以及管理层面的主要特点可以得到一个不错的案例。经过实证研究，公众报告和立法来分析其优缺点，得出结果表明，对于罗马尼亚这样一个年轻的欧盟成员国，公务员系统的行政能力亟待提高，其公共行政改革是一个持续的过程，而整个政存管理体系都需要调整以适应欧洲一体化的要求。     

性被害与司法的概念重构

围绕性被害为研究重点,我们建议从法律和公民社会二个层面建立广泛的司法机制来拓展被害人司法的含义,并制定健全的评价与对比方法。被害与司法模式包括以下三个要素:司法机制,被害情境以及被害人司法需求。司法领域需要新的方式对司法回应进行阐述和对比。我们应以传统和创新司法机制的概念取代报应和恢复性司法,并在赔偿、补偿、恢复等关键术语上达成共识。此外,应将性被害问题置于更广阔的情境或参照域中,通过关注性被害的不同情境,可以建立更系统、可靠的被害与司法实证基础。最后,在司法领域需要比"满意"或"治疗效果"等更清晰的标准来衡量被害人的司法体验。引入被害人司法需求(或利益)的概念可为评估和对比传统与创新司法机制以及理解被害人的司法预期提供新的前景与视角。     

中国传统文化视野中的“生态文明”

建设生态文明成为中国最重要的国家目标之一。根据人类与自然之间的不同关系,存在三种不同类型的西方环境伦理,即人类中心主义、感知主义和生态中心主义。儒家经典文化中存在丰富的生态思想,既有表现人类中心主义的内容,也有表达动物福祉、生态系统和"天人合一"整体融合的内容,基本属于弱人类中心主义。在实践中,将中国传统文化与"生态文明"结合起来还存在一些障碍,但是经过改良的儒家思想能够极大地促进传统思想发生转变,从而在个体和社会层面上解决中国面临的巨大环境问题。     

美国的地域管辖权制度

2.1界定问题很多学生都认为地域管辖权(personal jurisdiction)是民诉中最难的内容。主要原因就是:在你们进入法学院之前对该概念一无所知。在1.1节中我们提到过,相对于法学院一年级的其他课程而言,民事诉讼对于你们而言已是非常陌生。然而,民事诉讼中的地域管辖权却又是该课程中最为神秘的内容。鉴于很多教授都从历史的角度研究该问题,进一步加剧了理解地域管辖权基本含义的困难。现今,花费大量的时间去理解地域管辖权是什么确实有点让人扫兴。但历史方法确实不赖。在我看来,这实际上是正确理解地域管辖权的     

俄罗斯中小企业发展危机与对策

经济衰退以来,俄罗斯本不发达的中小企业经营恶化,发展呈现危机,引起俄罗斯政府的高度关注,俄罗斯政府在供给侧和需求侧同时发力,不仅在反危机层面上支持中小企业发展,还将其作为经济结构调整的组成部分,进行长远布局,在一定程度上遏制了中小企业规模缩减与业务下滑的趋势。但是,俄当前严峻的经济形势和长期存在的结构与制度弱点,使得政策的切实执行及其远期效应仍需观察,中小企业摆脱危机,走上健康发展的道路尚待时日。