Revitalization of waqf administration ＆ family waqf law

Historically speaking, the institution of waqf played an incredible role in providing all the basic and fundamental services to Muslim societies in terms of providing education, goon health care, basic infrastructures, employment opportunities, enhanced the commercial and business activities, food for the hunger, sheltered for the poor and the needy, besides supporting the agricultural and industrial sectors. Nevertheless, its role has been deteriorated since the end of the 19th century up to the present as the governments in different Muslim countries centralized its administration and abolished family waqf. The main objective of this paper is to revitalize the administration and the law of waqf in order to meet the basic and the essential services which are needed in Muslim societies and without any cost to the government.     

Positivist and Phenomenological Research in American Public Administration

Public administration suffers from the problem of the logical division between facts and values if modernity is seen as the thoughts of logical positivism and instrumental rationalism. The instrumental rationality of modernity presented the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, expertise, professionalism, accountability, and democracy and other issues in PA. On the other hand, interpretivism is based on the belief that there is no objective reality out there and reality is socially constructed. Reality is not something that exists outside the researcher as is the case under the positivist perspective. This article discusses how the two different theories, positivism and interpretivism, influence the way of thinking and practicing in the field of public administration.     

Spectrofluorimetric and Spectrophotometric Analysis of Two Analgesic Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Biological Fluids

Simple, reliable, sensitive, and accurate spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods were proposed for the determination of two selected analgesic drugs, namely tramadol and morphine, in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. The proposed methods were based on the oxidation of the studied drugs by Cerium (Ce)IV in an acidic medium. The spectrofluorimetric method is based on measuring the relative fluorescence intensity of Ce(III) arising from Ce(IV) at 350 nm with an excitation wavelength at 250 nm. The spectrophotometric method involves on addition of a known excess of Ce(IV) to the studied drugs in an acid medium, followed by the determination of residual Ce(IV) by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange and measuring the absorbance at 510 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction conditions, such as the concentrations of Ce(IV), type and concentration of the acid medium, reaction time, temperature, and the diluting solvents, were carefully studied and optimized.     

Radicalisation and violent extremism in West Africa: implications for African and international security

This article interrogates emerging trends and patterns in the process of radicalisation and violent extremism in West Africa and the implications for regional and international security regimes, practices and thinking. It argues that there are real and imagined challenges of radicalisation and violent extremism. The overarching view is that the emergence of intra- and extra-African preoccupation with violent extremism alone, rather than alongside seriously addressing its structural undercurrents related to preventing and interrupting the process of radicalisation, distorts the security realities and further exacerbates the security situation in Africa. Radicalisation and violent extremism further integrates West Africa into global security assemblages, yet the absence or non-incorporation of an indigenous African (civil society) perspective or counter-narrative about radicalisation and violent extremism uncritically fuses and conflates the strategic interests of major powers with the local realities in Africa. Moreover, there is a huge potential that national governments could exploit local, regional and international interests in counteracting terrorism for domestic political advantages, such as mis-characterisation of subsisting conflicts, regular political opposition and other local grievances as cases of terrorism, thereby risking a deterioration in security conditions.     

The mechanism of injury of the abducens nerve in severe head trauma: a postmortem study

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of injury of abducens nerve at petroclival region in severe head trauma. Twenty specimens provided from 10 autopsied cases due to severe head trauma were investigated macroscopically and histopathogically. The slices of the abducens nerve taken consecutively along its course at petroclival region were stained with Hematoxylline-Eosin and evaluated under light microscope. In addition, coexisting cervical injuries in these cases were assessed macroscopically. Edema and perineural hemorrhagia of abducens nerve were identified in all cases. Nerve injury was found more exaggerated at the sites of dural entry point and petrous apex than any other parts of the abducens nerve. Furthermore, microscopically, also remarkable perineural hemorrhage of the abducens nerve was observed at the site of its anastomoses with the sympathetic plexus on the lateral wall of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Abducens nerve is injured at the sites of dural entry point, petrous apex and lateral wall of the ICA, directly proportional with the severity of the trauma. This finding is also significant in verification of the severe head trauma.     

Dental age assessment: the applicability of Demirjian method in eastern Turkish children

In the literature, little is known about the applicability of this method in Turkish children. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the reliability of Demirjian method of age estimation when used for eastern Turkish children. A retrospective study was performed on a sample of panoramic radiographs taken from 807 healthy eastern Turkish children. The stages of dental maturity of the mandibular left seven permanent teeth for each subject using the eight radiographic dental maturity stages demonstrated by Demirjian were evaluated. A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean difference between the chronological and dental ages ranged from 0.2 to 1.9 years in girls and from 0.4 to 1.3 years in boys. The differences between the chronological and dental ages were statistically significant in all age groups. The applicability of Demirjian method is not suitable for eastern Turkish population.     

Strengthening the Experimenter’s Toolbox: Statistical Estimation of Internal Validity

Experiments have become an increasingly common tool for political science researchers over the last decade, particularly laboratory experiments performed on small convenience samples. We argue that the standard normal theory statistical paradigm used in political science fails to meet the needs of these experimenters and outline an alternative approach to statistical inference based on randomization of the treatment. The randomization inference approach not only provides direct estimation of the experimenter’s quantity of interest—the certainty of the causal inference about the observed units—but also helps to deal with other challenges of small samples. We offer an introduction to the logic of randomization inference, a brief overview of its technical details, and guidance for political science experimenters about making analytic choices within the randomization inference framework. Finally, we reanalyze data from two political science experiments using randomization tests to illustrate the inferential differences that choosing a randomization inference approach can make.     

Image analysis as an adjunct to sodium rhodizonate test in the evaluation of gunshot residues: an experimental study

It is important to investigate the clothing, as well as the body, to determine the range of fire of entry wounds in firearm injuries. Clothing can affect the amount of gunshot residues (GSR) reaching the body and their distribution. The amount and distribution of the GSR also vary according to the distance between the firearm and the target. Sodium rhodizonate test provides valuable data when clothing is available for examination. In the absence of clothing, light microscopic examinations may add additional information regarding the range of fire. In this study, a sodium rhodizonate test was done on 80 garment samples containing the bullet entrance. The 80 calfskin samples were processed histologically and were stained using Alizarin Red S. These were also evaluated with computer-assisted image analysis. Gross residues were seen on military camouflage clothing in samples from < or = 45-cm group. White flannel undershirts under the military camouflage contained rhodizonate-positive particles only around the contact wounds. With image analysis, however, the residues could be detected also in the skin samples of the 2.5-cm- and 5-cm-range groups. We suggest that the image analysis can be combined with other techniques and it can provide valuable data in the determination of entry wounds and also in the estimation of firing distance.