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61.
The importance of “spillovers” in the policy mission of the advanced technology program 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Adam B. Jaffe 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1998,23(2):11-19
Government policies like the Advanced Technology Program (“ATP”) are intended, at least in part, to remedy the “market failure”
inherent in the fact that a significant portion of the social benefits of new knowledge and technology are not captured by
a firm that invests in R&D. ATP’s project selection, and its evaluation of the impact of its program, can be made more effective
by explicitly incorporating the analysis of such “spillovers.” For project selection, this means identifying technological,
organizational and economic factors that tend to oint to a large “spillover gap,” or deviation between the social and private
rates of return to a proposed project. For program evaluation and assessment, it means adapting existing study methods that
measure social returns to innovation in ways that explicitly capture spillover effects.
This paper is based on a study that I performed for the ATP, Economic Analysis of Research Spillovers: Implications for the
Advanced Technology Program, NIST GCR 97-708. I have benefited from comments and useful discussions with Zvi Griliches, Jeanne
Powell, Rosalie Ruegg, and Richard Spivack. Some of the ideas in this paper grew out of previous joint research with James
Adams. The views expressed herein are my own, however, and should not be attributed to any of these individuals or to the
ATP. 相似文献
62.
Power Dynamics in an Experimental Game 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
We introduce a new experimental method for studying power. Drawing from multiple theoretical perspectives, we conceptualize
power as relational and structural, as well as comprised of different forms through which basic human needs can be met. Thus,
the method we introduce examines how, when faced with a particular need, people use multiple forms of power concurrently and
within a “field of influence,” namely, the other players in a game. This enabled us to examine how one form of power is transformed
into another and how power is transferred from one player to another through interaction, as well as to measure power as behavior,
as the exercise of choice, as potential, and as outcomes. Two experiments using egalitarian start conditions and a survivable
ecology demonstrated that participants used power to gain more power, creating inequality. Being the target of force made
some players unable to “survive” in the local ecology. Theoretical and methodological issues in the study of power are discussed
and the application of our game method to the study of power in other fields is considered. 相似文献
63.
64.
Political Behavior - What explains popular support for political violence in the contemporary United States, particularly the anti-institutional mob that attacked the U.S. Capitol in January 2021?... 相似文献
65.
Daniel M. Butler Craig Volden Adam M. Dynes Boris Shor 《American journal of political science》2017,61(1):37-49
We introduce experimental research design to the study of policy diffusion in order to better understand how political ideology affects policymakers’ willingness to learn from one another's experiences. Our two experiments–embedded in national surveys of U.S. municipal officials–expose local policymakers to vignettes describing the zoning and home foreclosure policies of other cities, offering opportunities to learn more. We find that: (1) policymakers who are ideologically predisposed against the described policy are relatively unwilling to learn from others, but (2) such ideological biases can be overcome with an emphasis on the policy's success or on its adoption by co‐partisans in other communities. We also find a similar partisan‐based bias among traditional ideological supporters, who are less willing to learn from those in the opposing party. The experimental approach offered here provides numerous new opportunities for scholars of policy diffusion. 相似文献
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68.
Adam Gearey 《Journal of law and society》2004,31(1):38-59
There is a voice that tries to speak the truth. This essay will suggest that the discourse on the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission [TRC] has perhaps ignored this most invisible of things, and has looked for the truth of the Commission everywhere except where it might be found, if indeed it can be found at all. To the extent that it is possible to oppose the truth of the voice to another truth, it may be useful to make use of a notion of poetics; even a sublime poetics. 相似文献
69.
Craig Bennell Geoffrey Alpert Judith P. Andersen Joseph Arpaia Juha-Matti Huhta Kimberly B. Kahn Ariane-Jade Khanizadeh Molly McCarthy Kyle McLean Renée J. Mitchell Arne Nieuwenhuys Adam Palmer Michael D. White 《Legal and Criminological Psychology》2021,26(2):121-144
Leading police scholars and practitioners were asked to reflect on the most urgent issues that need to be addressed on the topic of use of force. Four themes emerged from their contributions: use of force and de-escalation training needs to improve and be evaluated; new ways of conceptualizing use of force encounters and better use of force response models need to be developed; the inequitable application of force, and how to remediate biases, needs to be more fully understood; and misconceptions about police use of force need to be identified and corrected. The highlighted topics serve as an agenda for future research. Such research should provide greater insight into when, where, and why force is used by police officers, and how it can be applied appropriately. If implemented, the practical recommendations included in the contributions should have a positive impact on police performance, public trust and confidence in the police, and citizen and officer safety. 相似文献
70.