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31.
Richard Parsons. The Carpets of Afghanistan. London: Oriental Textile Press, 1983; £25.
Michael Rywkin. Moscow's Muslim Challenge: Soviet Central Asia. London: C. Hurst & Company, 1982. 183 pp., bibliography and index. 相似文献
32.
Comparing skeletal structures between antemortem and postmortem chest radiographs is widely used by forensic specialists from many disciplines to positively identify unknown decedents. However, validity assessments of this method have been fairly limited. This study had three objectives: 1) to quantify the reliability of ante- and postmortem chest radiograph comparison for decedent identification; 2) to identify useful radiologic features supporting decedent identification; and 3) to recognize sources of error in decedent identification related to use of comparative radiographs. A forensic pathologist, a forensic anthropologist, and two radiologists participated in the study. Our results showed that chest radiograph comparisons proved reliable, if basic decedent information was provided, and antemortem and postmortem radiographs were adequately positioned and exposed. A "morphological approach" using normal anatomical structures for comparison may provide the most efficient method for accurate identification. 相似文献
33.
The relation between elections and the economy in Latin America might be understood by considering the agency of candidates and the issue of policy preference congruence between investors and voters. The preference congruence model proposed in this article highlights political risk in emerging markets. Certain risk features increase the role of candidate campaign rhetoric and investor preferences in elections. When politicians propose policies that can appease voters and investors, elections may have a limited effect on economic indicators, such as inflation. But when voter and investor priorities differ significantly, deterioration of economic indicators is more likely. Moreover, voter and investor congruence is more likely before stabilization, when an inverted Philips curve exists, as opposed to following stabilization, when a more traditional Philips curve emerges. 相似文献
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Subscribing to a Burkean view of representation, legislators have long tended to resist constant public scrutiny. In recent years, however, they have overcome this reluctance in a large number of countries and voted to allow the televising of their proceedings. But why they did so remains a mystery. Some media theorists argue that television exposure is a 'great democratizer'. It demystifies public authority figures and obliges them to become more accountable for their actions. The experience of the British House of Lords and the United States Senate suggests instead that television was invited in by rational political actors as a means of achieving their goals in a time of change. In this view, television is best seen not as a force in its own right, but as a medium of communication that can be strategically deployed by goal-oriented political élites responding to different political circumstances and institutional incentive structures. 相似文献
37.
Indigenous and linguistic minorities are in an inferior economic and social position. The ethnic concentration of inequality
is increasingly being recognized in the literature. In this review, studies from six Latin American countries that estimate
the costs to an individual of being an economic minority are reviewed. The studies decompose the overall earnings gap into
two components. One is the portion attributable to differences in the endowments of income-generating characteristics (“explained”
differences) and the other is attributable to differences in the returns that majority and minority workers receive for the
same endowment of income-generating characteristics (“unexplained”). This latter component is often taken as reflecting the
“upper bound” of wage discrimination. In two studies for Bolivia, one using a 1966 survey and the other a 1989 survey, decomposition
of the differential between indigenous and nonindigenous earnings leads to the conclusion that most of the overall differential
is due to productivity. In Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, only one-half of the earnings differential can be attributed to differences
in productivity-enhancing characteristics. In Paraguay, decomposition of the overall earnings differential between monolingual
Spanish speakers and Guaraní speakers shows that most of the differential is explained by human capital differences. In Brazil,
however, there is a significant cost to “being non-white.”
Harry Anthony Patrinos is a Senior Education Economist at the World Bank. He leads the Economics of Education Thematic Group
and manages EdInvest (www.worldbank.org/edinvest), the Education Investment Information Facility. He is co-author ofDecentralization of Education: Demand-Side Financing (1997). His latest co-edited book isPolicy Analysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study (St. Martin's Press, 1999).Indigenous People and Poverty in Latin America: An Empirical Analysis (edited with George Psacharopoulos), was one of the first studies of the socioeconomic situation of indigenous peoples in
Latin America. 相似文献
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