Dacoity and rural crime in Madras, 1860–1940

Dacoity in south India was one of the several inter‐related forms of rural crime wth a strong element of social and economic protest, running from spontaneous looting to banditry as the experimental stage of incipient revolt. Far from being confined to “criminal tribes”, recourse to crime was frequent and widespread in rural society, especially in response to famine and high prices, in reaction to the disruptive impact of colonialism, and in the attempts of declining rural groups to maintain or regain their old preeminence.     

Rethinking the medical causes of infant death in early modern Europe: a closer look at church registers and medical terminology

The historical roots of the prevailing hypothesis about the main causes of high infant mortality in Europe in the last four centuries are presented in detail focusing on German sources and publications. Assumptions about infections being the main cause of deaths during infancy clearly need to be reevaluated. The terminology of early sources has passed many steps of translation and interpretation. In the old church registers, wording in the local vernacular merely described the most visible symptoms before the final stages of diseases. Scientific medicine and its terminology repeatedly went astray before real pediatric competence was acquired in the nutritional physiology of infants. The combination of different kinds of evidence points to serious flaws in the prevailing hypothesis, while source data and publications confirm a different conclusion: inadequate nutrition due to early weaning and unsuitable substitute food caused the specific set of symptoms described in the historical sources. Medical evidence about infant malnutrition in developing countries supports this new interpretation.     

E–governance and e-publicanism: preliminary perspectives on the role of the Internet in South African democratic processes

Abstract

The idea of peace has gained a hegemonic place in the discourse of intellectuals and the mass media. From being a preoccupation of religious and utopian sages throughout history, a vision of a peaceful world emerged as a fashionable occupation for peace activism in the 1960s and ultimately in the 21^st century peace research has become a fast-growing industry. The assumed need to end wars and violence and to enforce peaceful existence on individuals, groups, societies and the entire world has been unquestionably accepted as if a self evident truth. By accepting such dubious claims many scholars have consciously and unconsciously distorted historical data in order to produce an image of an ideal peaceful world. Yet increasingly the belief in the ability to abolish war and eliminate conflict is being questioned and conflict prevention is seen as unrealistic, undesirable and based on misguided assumptions. Thus, if achieving peace is counterproductive what are the motives, aims and consequences of peace enforcement? This article begins a critical interrogation of the idea of peace and peace discourse and the formative value of war as human reality. The article uncovers the genealogy of peace, evaluates the relationships between peace and war and exposes the deceptive strategies and tactics of peace discourse as it manipulates language and the mass media. The article concludes that the consequences of enforcing peace do not produce a beautiful society but a nightmare where war is seen once again as a blessing.     

Voting Pattern and Issues in the 2006 Sarawak State Assembly Election in the Ba’ Kelalan Constituency

This article analyses the voting pattern of the Lun Bawang community—the majority ethnic group in the Ba’ Kelalan constituency—during the Sarawak State Elections held on May 20, 2006, and discusses some of the contentious issues that shaped the electoral outcomes. During the Ba’ Kelalan by-election in September 2004, it was argued that more than half of the Lun Bawang votes went to the then independent candidate Baru Bian. After almost one-and-a-half years later the Lun Bawang had the opportunity to once again exercise their democratic rights. The Ba’ Kelalan seat was won by the BN candidate, Balang Rining but Baru was still able to garner substantial support from the Lun Bawang after winning more than half of the Lun Bawang areas. In terms of popular votes it was still almost divided between Baru and Balang with the latter's winning margin of only 2%. This article argues that the Lun Bawang are divided between development, Native Customary Rights (NCR) land and religious outlook. While some Lun Bawang vote for Balang in the name of development, some vote for Baru because they are convinced of his NCR land arguments and are sympathetic to his religious outlook.     

Bestandflächenänderung: Nachtrag (§ 21 GebG) oder Neuerungsvertrag (§ 24 GebG)

Werden in einem Erg?nzungsvertrag "Lage?nderungen der Bestandfl?chen" vorgenommen und dabei wesentliche Merkmale des Bestandvertrages ge?ndert, so ist iSd § 24 GebG gebührenrechtlich von einem neu abgeschlossenen Rechtsgesch?ft auszugehen; wird hingegen nach zun?chst vorl?ufiger Festlegung der Bestandfl?chen im Erg?nzungsvertrag eine endgültige Festlegung vorgenommen, dann liegt (nur) ein Nachtrag iSd § 21 GebG vor.     

Collective Action and Citizen Responses to Global Warming

This paper expands the relevance of the collective interest model of mass political action to explain collective-action behavior in the context of global warming and climate change. The analysis is an attempt to answer Ostrom’s call for a behavioral model of collective action that can be generalized beyond political protest to other collective-action problems. We elaborate, specify, and empirically test a collective interest model approach to citizen policy support, environmental political participation, and environmental behavior related to the issue of global warming. Key elements of the collective interest model—perceived risk, personal efficacy, and environmental values—are found to be directly, and positively, related to support of government policies and personal behaviors that affect global warming. We also discuss the links between the collective interest model and other important approaches to political behavior.

Verkauf eines vermieteten Objekts vor der Erzielung eines gesamtpositiven Ergebnisses

Der Annahme der Ertragsf?higkeit einer Vermietungsbet?tigung steht nicht entgegen, wenn das Bestandobjekt vor der tats?chlichen Erzielung eines gesamtpositiven Ergebnisses übertragen oder die Vermietung eingestellt wird. In diesen F?llen hat der Steuerpflichtige den Nachweis dafür zu erbringen, dass die Vermietung nicht von Vornherein auf einen begrenzten Zeitraum geplant gewesen ist, sondern sich die Beendigung erst nachtr?glich, insbesondere durch den Eintritt konkreter Unw?gbarkeiten ergeben hat. Im Rahmen des rechtlichen Geh?rs ist der Partei Gelegenheit zu geben, ein diesbezügliches Vorbringen zu erstatten. Dieses kann ua auch darin bestehen, Schwierigkeiten bei der Mietersuche oder gesundheitliche Beeintr?chtigungen des Vermieters aufzuzeigen. § 16 Abs 1 EStG 1988 (§ 28 EStG 1988): Kein erforderlicher Veranlassungszusammenhang mit Einkünften aus Vermietung und Verpachtung, wenn (zuerst) der Beschluss gefasst wird, das Objekt zu verkaufen und (erst nachher) es (gegen Kostenersatz befristet bis zum Verkauf des Objektes) zu vermieten.     

Werbungskosten (bei Einkünften aus V+V) auch ohne Bauherreneigenschaft

Das Recht des Werbekostenabzugs für Mietobjekte h?ngt nicht vom Vorliegen einer (kleinen oder gro?en) Bauherreneigenschaft ab. Die Kosten der Finanzierung, der steuerlichen Beratung, der Mieterakquirierung und der überwachung des Mieteneingangs sind (soweit es sich nicht um verdeckte Grundstücksvermittlungsprovisionen handelt, die aktivierungspflichtig w?ren) stets Werbungskosten. Kosten der Baubetreuung, Kontrolle der Baurechnungen, Kaufvertragskosten bzw Kosten der treuh?ndigen Kaufpreisabwicklung sind hingegen stets aktivierungspflichtige Anschaffungs- oder Herstellungsnebenkosten.