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Michael J. Noble 《Astropolitics》2013,11(3):251-312
This article assesses the impact of export policy on 21st century United States space power. The efficacy of current export controls in preventing the proliferation of space technologies and maintaining United States advantage is evaluated. The study finds that space launch technology has been and remains highly globalized; the United States has lost significant international communications satellite market share, but it maintains a tangible lead in position, navigation, and timing systems; and the recent growth in foreign imaging systems, both radar and optical, have eroded any advantage the United States once enjoyed. Furthermore, export controls have not appreciably slowed the internationalization of space and breaking dependency on the United States is a common underlying theme. The paper goes on to highlight the unintended consequences stemming from current policy, including limiting access to advanced technology of foreign origin, limiting access to foreign-born expertise, and adding “fog” and “friction” to the execution of programs that include foreign content. This paper finds current export control policy is incongruent with 21st century space power programs and initiatives, such as Operationally Responsive Space, Coalition Space, and “Soft” Space Power. Export control reform is suggested herein on the basis of developing a trusted community of trading partners. 相似文献
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Why do some individuals engage in more religious activity than others? And how does this religious activity influence their economic attitudes? We present a formal model in which individuals derive utility from both secular and religious sources. Our model, which incorporates both demand‐side and supply‐side explanations of religion, is unusual in that it endogenizes both an individual's religious participation and her preferences over economic policy. Using data on over 70 countries from the pooled World Values Survey, we find that religious participation declines with societal development, an individual's ability to produce secular goods, and state regulations on religion, but that it increases with inequality. We also find that religious participation increases economic conservatism among the poor but decreases it among the rich. Our analysis has important insights for the debate about secularization theory and challenges conventional wisdom regarding the relationship between religious participation and economic conservatism. 相似文献
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污名化使个体或群体拥有或被相信拥有某些被贬抑的属性和特质,这不仅使被污名者产生自我贬损心理,亦导致了社会对其岐视和不公正的待遇。影响公民对于污名行为的态度的因素很多,就业状况、同外来人口的交往意愿以及个人收入与污名行为接纳程度呈正相关,年龄、文化程度与污名行为接纳程度具有负相关关系;户口、个人政治面貌、媒体因素也对污名行为的接纳程度有显著影响。污名化理论会成为认识当代社会日常生活的工具,尤其对于人们摆脱特定的针对某些弱势群体的社会偏见是非常有利的。 相似文献
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通过对《新公司法司法解释二》中股东请求解散公司诉讼具体规定的分析,揭示企业维持原则在股东请求解散公司之诉的立法和法律适用中的体现,继而在对企业维持原则更深层次理解之基础上分析这种指导思想得以贯彻的原因。可以说,企业维持原则已成为股东和利益之间维持利益平衡的一个支点。 相似文献
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Ben Jackson 《Political Studies Review》2005,3(3):356-373
Social justice is a crucial ideal in contemporary political thought. Yet the concept of social justice is a recent addition to our political vocabulary, and comparatively little is known about its introduction into political debate or its early theoretical trajectory. Some important research has begun to address this issue, adding a valuable historical perspective to present-day controversies about the concept. This article uses this literature to examine two questions. First, how does the modern idea of social justice differ from previous conceptualisations of justice? Second, why and when did social justice first emerge into political discourse? 相似文献
240.
为探讨不同细胞因子对水牛原始生殖细胞(PGCs)传代培养的影响,将PGCs分别采用A、B、C、D、E、F和G共7种培养基进行培养,即A组:基础液+10 ng/mL白血病抑制因子(LIF)+10 ng/mL碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF);B组:基础液+20 ng/mL LIF+20 ng/mL bFGF;C组:基础液+20 ng/mLLIF+10 ng/mL bFGF;D组:基础液+20 ng/mL LIF;E组:基础液+20 ng/mL LIF+20 ng/mL bFGF+20ng/mL干细胞因子(SCF);F组:基础液+20 ng/mL LIF+40 ng/mL bFGF+40 ng/mL SCF;G组(对照组):基础液。将机械法分离的PGCs小集落接种到水牛胎儿成纤维细胞(BEF)饲养层上进行传代培养。结果,原代时,A、B、C、D、E和F组的克隆数目都显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中E和F组的克隆数目显著高于A组(P<0.05),而与B、C、D组差异均不显著(P>0.05);1~8代时,B、C、D、E、F组的克隆数目显著高于A组(P<0.05);对照组传代数仅为2代,A组为5代,而B、C、D、E和F组均为8代以上。结果表明,在传代过程中,LIF起主要作用,20 ng/mL的LIF浓度可以满足水牛PGCs传代培养的需要。 相似文献