No more kidding around: restructuring non-medical childhood immunization exemptions to ensure public health protection

Professor Silverman's article examines the complex challenges faced by U.S. policymakers attempting to balance the public health protections of mandatory childhood immunization programs with the legal, religious, philosophical, and practical concerns raised by permitting non-medical exemptions under the programs. The article begins with a discussion of the history of childhood immunization programs, and continues by describing the inconsistency of enforcement of state immunization laws and exemptions. The author analyzes recent cases from New York, Wyoming, and Arkansas, and discusses how these decisions both pose threats to these programs' public health protections, while also offering insight into potential problems for other state vaccination programs. Professor Silverman concludes by advocating that states adopt an "informed refusal" approach to vaccination exemption as a way of improving immunity protections, while respecting the autonomy rights of those who wish to opt out of the program.     

Scaling Residential Retrofits in New York City: Financing,Standardization, and Streamlining

Energy efficiency is a multiple-win opportunity for reducing global warming pollution, providing energy and cost savings, improving local environmental quality, and increasing the resilience of our built environment. In 2030, 85 percent of New York City's building portfolio will be comprised of buildings that exist today. Scaling up building retrofits and creating the policy environment to grow the building retrofits industry in New York City is critical to achieving the city's economic, local and global environmental, public health, and resilience goals. This article proposes scaling up the city's innovative residential energy efficiency efforts through a home efficiency Web portal, accelerating and stitching innovative programs together as they grow, leveraging post-Sandy recovery funding for building performance improvements, and moving stepwise towards certain mandates for energy performance among the city's smaller private buildings.     

The Musandam peninsula and its people the Shihuh

Central Asia

Tibetan Foothold. By Dervla Murphy. London, John Murray, 1966. Pp. x + 206. Map. Illus. Index. 25s.

South Asia

Social Change in Modern India. By M. N. Srinivas. University of California Press; London, Cambridge University Press, 1966. Pp. xv + 194. Index. 55.00.

Many Worlds. An Autobiography. By K. P. S. Menon. London, Oxford University Press, 1965. Pp. 324. Illus. Index. 28s.

Challenges in India. By Taya Zinkin. London, Chatto and Windus, 1966. Pp. 248. Index. 30s.

Succession in India. By Michael Brecher. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. 269. Index. 35s.

Crisis in Kashmir, 1947 to 1966. By Alastair Lamb. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Pp. 150. Maps. Bibliog. Index. 25s.

South‐West Asia

Nationalism and Revolution in the Arab World. By Hisham B. Sharabi London, Van Nostrand Inc., 1966. Pp. ix +176. Map. 15s.

Farewell to Arabia. By David Holden. London, Faber, 1966. Pp. 268. Maps. Illus. Index. 35s.

Permanent Sovereignty over Oil Reserves. By Muhamad A. Mughraby. A Study of Middle East Oil Concessions and Legal Change. Beirut, The Middle East Research and Publishing Centre, 1966. Pp. 233. Bibliog. Index. £2 11s.; $7.00; L.L.22.00.

Oil and Public Opinion in the Middle East. By David Hirst. London, Faber, 1966. Pp. 127. Index. 30s.

Unknown Oman. By Wendell Phillips. London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1966. Pp. xiii + 319. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

The Kurds. An Historical and Political Study. By Hassan Arfa. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. xi + 178. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 35s.

South‐East Asia

The Making of South‐East Asia. By G. Coedès. Trans. by H. M. Wright. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Pp. xvii + 268. Map. Illus. Index. 35s.

South‐East Asia: Race, Culture and Nation. By Guy Hunter. Published for the Institute of Race Relations by Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. xix + 190. Maps. Index. 35s.

Reporting South‐East Asia. By Denis Warner. London, Angus and Robertson, 1966. Pp. 342. Maps. Index. 36s.

Vietnam: Between Two Truces. By Jean Lacouture (trans. Konrad Kellen and Joel Carmichael). London, Seeker and Warburg, 1966. Pp. vi + 295. Sketch map. Index. 35s.

The Lost Revolutions Vietnam 1945–65. By Robert Shaplen. London, Andre Deutsch, 1966. Pp. xxi + 404. Map. Index. 36s.

Viet‐nam Witness 1953–1966. By Bernard Fall. London, Pall Mall Press, 1966. Pp. ix + 363. Sketch maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 50s.

Vietnam. Penguin Special edited by Marvin E. Gettleman. Penguin Books, 1966. Pp. 480. Maps. Appendices. Index. 8s. 6d.

Towards Peace in Indo‐China. By Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon. Published for Chatham House by Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. 71. 7s. 6d.

Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia. An Exploration of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin. By Charles B. McLane. Princeton University Press; London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. xv + 563. Map. Chronology. Bibliog. Index. £5.

Far East

A Quarter of Mankind. By Dick Wilson. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Pp. 308. Map. Bibliog. Index. 45s.

Chinese Journey. By Gun Kessle and Jan Myrdal. London, Chatto and Windus, 1965. Pp. 160. 45s.

The First Years of Yangyi Commune. By Isabel and David Crook. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966. Pp. iv + 288. Map. Illus. Index. 42s.

Bibliography and Philology

Bibliography on Southwestern Asia. By Henry Field. In Seven Compilations, with Subject Indexes. University of Miami Press, various dates from 1953.

A Kurdish‐English Dictionary. By Taufiq Wahby and C. J. Edmonds. Clarendon Press: Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. x +179. 42s.

Biography and Autobiography

Faisal. By Gerald de Gaury. London, Arthur Barker, 1966. Pp. xiv + 191. Sketch map. Illus. Index. 36s.

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan. By Leonard Mosley. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Pp. xiii + 371. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Born in Tibet. By Chögyam Trungpa. London, Allen and Unwin, 1966. Pp. 264. Illus. Maps. Index. 35s.

Past Imperative. By Sir Edward Wakefield. London, Chatto and Windus, 1966. Pp. xi + 226. Maps. Index. 35s.

Apprentice to Power. India 1904–1908. By Sir Malcolm Darling. London, Chatto and Windus, 1966. Pp. 256. 35s.

Kipling in India. By Louis L. Cornell. London, Macmillan, 1966. Pp. xiii + 224. Index. 30s.

Pickering, Protector of Chinese. By R. N. Jackson. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Pp. 127. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. 32s.

Raffles. By Maurice Collis. London, Faber, 1966. Pp. 227. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Servants of the Dragon Throne. By Charles Drage. London, Peter Dawnay, 1966. Pp. 283. Sketch Maps. Illus. Index. 42s.

The Autobiography of Yukichi Fukuzawa. Revised Translation by Eilichi Kiyooka with a Foreword by Carmen Blacker. Columbia University Press, 1966. Pp. xv+ 407. Illus. Index. 56s.

Civilization and culture

Islamic Art and Architecture. By Ernst Kühnel. London, G. Bell and Sons, 1966. Pp. 200. 118 illustrations in black and white. 21 plans. Glossary. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Ancient Iran. By Edith Porada. London, Methuen, 1965. Art of the World Series. Pp. 279. Map. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 50s.

History

The War Against Japan. Vol. IV of the Official History. By S. Woodburn Kirby et al. H.M.S.O., 1965. Pp. xxv + 568. Maps. Photographs. Appendices. Index. 85s.

Springboard to Victory. By C. E. Lucas Phillips. London, Heinemann, 1966. Pp. 241. Maps. Diagrams. Photographs. Indexes. 30s.

Kohima. By Arthur Swinson. London, Casscll, 1966. Pp. xvi + 275. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 30s.

A History of India. Volume 2. By Percival Spear. Penguin Books, 1965. Pp. 284. Biblio. Index. 5s.

South Asia: A Short History. By Hugh Tinker. London, Pall Mall Press, 1966. Pp. 287. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

South Asia: A Background Book. By Angus Maude. London, The Bodley Head, 1966. Pp. 186. Maps. Index. 15s.

A Concise History of East Asia. By C. P. Fitzgerald. London, Heinemann, 1966. Pp. 310. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

An Anecdotal History of Old Times in Singapore. By Charles Burton Buckley. London, Oxford University Press, 1966. Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press, 1965. Pp. xii + 790. Maps. Illus. Index. 68s.

The Eastern Question 1774–1923. A Study in International Relations. By M. S. Anderson. London, Macmillan, 1966. Papcrmac. Pp. xxi + 436. Maps. Index. 25s.

England zwischen Russland und Deutschland. Der Persische Golf in der britischen Vorkriegspolitik, 1899–1907, dargestellt nach englischem Archivma‐terial. By Jens B. Plass. Hamburg, Hamburger Gesellschaft fur Völkerrecht und Auswartige Politik, 1966. (Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Aüswartige Politik, Bd. 3.) Pp. viii + 507. Maps. Bibliog. Index. No price.

The Pirate Coast. By Sir Charles Belgrave. London, G. Bell and Sons Ltd., 1966. Pp. xii + 200. Maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 30s.

Egypt and the Fertile Crescent 1516–1922. By P. M. Holt. London, Longmans, 1966. Pp. xii + 337. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Four Aspects of Egypt. By John Marlowe. London, Allen and Unwin, 1966. Pp. 303. Maps. Illus. Index. 45s.

Rome on the Euphrates. By Freya Stark. London, John Murray, 1966. Pp. xii + 481. Endpaper maps. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 63s.

The Greeks in India. By George Woodcock. London, Faber, 1966. Pp. 199. Illus. Bibliog. Index. 42s.

Asia, Gods and Cities. By George Woodcock. London, Faber, 1966. Pp. 340. Sketch map. Illus. Index. 36s.

East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century. By W. Samolin. Central Asiatic Studies, IX. Mouton and Co., The Hague, 1964. Pp. 100. Bibliog. Index. Map.

Religion and Philosophy

Afghani and ‘Abduh. An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam. By Élie Kedourie. London, Frank Cass and Co., 1966. Pp. ix + 97. 30s.

Islam et Capitalisme. By M. Rodinson. Paris, Aux Éditions du Seuil, 1966. Pp. 305.     

Detaining immigrants and asylum seekers: a normative introduction

Detention of irregular migrants and asylum seekers takes place at the behest and convenience of virtually all liberal states. It is a harmful practice that impacts non-citizens as well as citizens, and has far-reaching ramifications for our understandings of the ethics of immigration and border control. Thus far, however, normative theorists engaged in the vibrant immigration admissions debate have remained mostly silent on the topic of detention. By unmasking and revealing the essential roles played by detention in enforcing immigration controls, this paper is intended to highlight the dangers for normative theory of maligning or underestimating detention. In particular, a study of detention refocuses scholarly attention on the temporal and spatial aspects of immigration enforcement, the undesirability of warehousing or containment proposals for addressing refugee or immigration crises, and the virtually irreconcilable ethical conflicts at the core of the immigration admissions debate. Normative theorists would be remiss in ignoring the ethical and practical consequences for an increasingly large number of people that are exacted by detention practices worldwide.     

Campaign finance reform legislation in the United States Congress: A critique

Legislation to reform campaign funding in the United States must produce a system which reduces the potential for corruption, real or perceived, and creates greater equality of fund raising opportunity between incumbents and challengers. Bills before the 104th Congress would require bureaucratic and arbitrary systems of regulation; they would not produce workable reform. Within the existing full disclosure system,two reforms would be most effective: setting maximum dollar amounts for “soft money” contributions; and limiting fund raising by lobbyists. An even more effective system would be to “blind” contributions made to the campaign committees of individual candidates. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Preliminary results from voices of the Mada'in: a tribal history and study of one of Baghdad's six rural districts

From July to October 2008, Human Terrain Team Iraq 6 (HTT IZ6) undertook an oral tribal study and social history project in Mada'in Qada, Iraq. During that four-month period IZ6 formally interviewed over forty tribal leaders. At the same time team members participated in humanitarian assistance operations with internally displaced persons (IDPs), as well as regular citizens of the region. In both the formal, elite-level interviews and the participant observations, four major themes became apparent: (1) The tribal law, written or oral, is often generally perceived as codes, covenants, and/or constitutions. (2) The tribal legal system and the tribal courts are an adversarial and remedial/restorative justice mediation system. (3) The Government of Iraq (GOI) is perceived as being under foreign influence. Members of the GOI are commonly referred to as Iranian agents, Iranians, Zoroastrians and/or fire worshippers (Mithraites) by both Sunnis and Shi'a alike. And (4) the dispute between Sunni and Shi'a is predominantly about resources, not religion. The purpose of this article is to describe the task order for the project, describe the oral history project itself, discuss the research challenges that arose in a semi-permissive environment, present the preliminary findings and tie them into the reality of the ongoing Counterinsurgency Operations in Iraq.     

Financing the health care of the aged.

The Medicare and Medicaid programs, which were enacted through the 1965 amendments to the Social Security Act, placed the federal government in the central role of assuring access of the aged and the poor to needed medical care. In this article the trends in the sources of financing medical care services for the aged are examined. The distinction in terms of insurance coverage between acute care services and long-term care services is highlighted. The effect of the programs in terms of reducing the aged's direct financial cost of medical care, increasing their access to medical services, and improving their health status is explored. The unanticipated increase in the cost of these programs has led to a change in emphasis in public policy, from assuring access to mainstream medical care to containing the cost of providing care. The direction of new federal policies is analyzed, and it is concluded that no longer will it follow the private sector's specifications of the conditions and arrangements under which health services are provided to program beneficiaries.     

THE WINDS OF CHANGE IN ADOPTIONS LAWS:Should Adoptees Have Access to Adoption Records?

The author focuses on the issues involving the unsealing of adoption records—allowing adoptees to discover who their birth parents are. He first examines the history of adoption and the development of adoption laws in the United States and then discusses currently enacted adoption statutes. Next, the author considers the benefits and disadvantages of unsealing adoption records to the birth parents, the adoptee, and the adoptive parents. He suggest a model law and offers an analysis of its advantages and problems. Through this proposal, the author hopes to assuage many of the problems existing in adoption laws now.     

Application of 3D Imaging Technology to Latent Fingermark Aging Studies

In most latent fingermark aging studies, two‐dimensional (2D) features are obtained from photo images, scans, or inked impressions. However, some relevant information is possibly being missed because fingermarks are three‐dimensional (3D) objects that age in all three dimensions. A feature that has not been carefully examined is how the height of ridges changes over time. In this report, a 3D imaging technology—called optical profilometry—is introduced as a tool for the visual examination of the aging process. Optical profilometry is a nondestructive technology that allows the visualization and data acquisition of unprocessed latent fingermarks. Detailed ridge images and spatiotemporal data were successively obtained on the x‐, y‐ and z‐axis, delivering 3D topographical information. OP was able to detect the loss of ridge heights over time. The feasibility of employing this technology to collect data on the aging process of ridges has been proven.