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201.
Kees?van?den?BosEmail author John?W.?Burrows Elizabeth?Umphress Robert?Folger James?J.?Lavelle Jennifer?Eaglestone Julie?Gee 《Social Justice Research》2005,18(2):99-120
This paper focuses on the psychology of social change and social justice. Specifically, we focus on subordinates’ reactions to new and old supervisors, and we argue that in evaluating these different types of supervisors, subordinates may rely on prior fair or unfair experiences as temporal frames of reference. We further propose that a result of these frames of reference may be that previous fairness experiences have a bigger impact on subordinates’ reactions to subsequent neutral communications when an old rather than when a new supervisor is the source of that communication. Findings of two empirical studies indeed show that subordinates who had had fair experiences with a particular supervisor reacted more positively toward subsequent neutral messages when the communication was coming from the old supervisor rather than from the new supervisor. Subordinates who had had unfair experiences, however, reacted more negatively toward the communication when the source was the old rather than the new supervisor. Some evidence was also found for contrast effects such that people who react to a new supervisor may react more positively with the neutral demand from this authority figure when they have earlier experienced unfair as opposed to fair treatment by a different supervisory agent. These findings were obtained on subordinates’ satisfaction with the supervisors’ communication and their acceptance of the supervisor. Finally, we discuss the implications for the psychology of social change and social justice. 相似文献
202.
In this analysis I argue for the independent effects on social change of the internal logic of formal justice. Institutionally,
oppositional ideas that challenge the legitimacy of a hegemonic system emerge in “safe spaces” that subordinate groups create
within a culture dominated by hegemonic ideas. The oppositional ideas derive in part from an existing informal culture of
opposition, access to repertories of contention, and favorable openings in the political system. In addition, however, these
ideas are often propelled independently by the logic of formal justice, in which, when the reasons for separate treatment
have been discredited, equality is the default option. The analysis demonstrates the power of this logic and suggests that
it spreads through the mechanism of “organized activist” variation and “everyday activist” selection. 相似文献
203.
Deborah?J.?Jones Rex?ForehandEmail author Shannon?Dorsey Sarah?Foster Gene?Brody 《Journal of family violence》2005,20(3):141-150
This longitudinal investigation examined main and interactive effects of coparent support and conflict on mother and child adjustment in 248 low-income, African American, single mother-headed families. The findings indicated that coparent conflict was a more robust predictor of mother and child maladjustment both cross-sectionally and longitudinally than was coparent support. Moreover, findings revealed that coparent conflict and support interacted to predict one parenting behavior, monitoring, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Coparent relationships characterized by high levels of support and low levels of conflict were associated with the highest levels of parental monitoring behavior, whereas coparent relationships characterized by low levels of support and high levels of conflict were associated with the lowest levels of monitoring. The findings highlight the importance of examining both positive and negative aspects of coparent relationships in this at-risk, but understudied, group. 相似文献
204.
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206.
Court-mandated batterer intervention programs are being implemented throughout the United States to address the problem of domestic violence. Prior reviews of research on the effectiveness of these programs have arrived at conflicting conclusions. This study is a systematic review of the extant research on this topic. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies that used matching or statistical controls were included. The results were mixed. The mean effect for official reports of domestic violence from experimental studies showed modest benefit, whereas the mean effect for victim reported outcomes was zero. Quasi-experimental studies using a no-treatment comparison had inconsistent findings indicating an overall small harmful effect. In contract, quasi-experimental studies using a treatment dropout design showed a large, positive mean effect on domestic violence outcomes. We discuss the weakness of the latter design and raise concerns regarding official reports. The findings, we believe, raise doubts about the effectiveness of court-mandated batterer intervention programs. 相似文献
207.
The article reports a meta-analysis on controlled outcome evaluations of sexual offender treatment. From 2,039 documents published in five languages, 69 studies containing 80 independent comparisons between treated and untreated offenders fulfilled stepwise eligibility criteria (total N = 22,181). Despite a wide range of positive and negative effect sizes, the majority confirmed the benefits of treatment. Treated offenders showed 6 percentage points or 37% less sexual recidivism than controls. Effects for violent and general recidivism were in a similar range. Organic treatments (surgical castration and hormonal medication) showed larger effects than psychosocial interventions. However, this difference was partially confounded with methodological and offender variables. Among psychological programs, cognitive–behavioral approaches revealed the most robust effect. Nonbehavioral treatments did not demonstrate a significant impact. There was no outcome difference between randomized and other designs, however, group equivalence was associated with slightly larger effects. Various other moderators had a stronger impact on effect size (e.g., small sample size, quality of outcome reporting, program completion vs. dropout, age homogeneity, outpatient treatment, and authors’ affiliation with the program). More differentiated, high-quality evaluations are needed to clarify: What works for whom under which circumstances? 相似文献
208.
Cathleen?FogelEmail author 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2005,5(2):191-210
This paper explores the dynamics of the production of global knowledge by an international knowledge organization, in this case the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on previous notions of international boundary organizations, the idea of international knowledge organizations emphasizes the knowledge generation function of such organizations rather than their convening function. Using the case of controversial Kyoto Protocol biotic carbon sequestration policies, I argue that boundary work and uncertainty management are the essential dynamics in the successful construction of global knowledge by international knowledge organizations. This uncertainty management occurs in a manner broadly, although not completely, in conformance with the institutional preferences of powerful policy actors. Global knowledge can legitimate and help refine global policies, but the process of its construction must be iterative and transparent if it is to be credible for global environmental governance over the long-term. 相似文献
209.
Laurence?D.?MeeEmail author 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2005,5(3):227-263
This study examines the role of the UN’s programmes for environment and development (UNEP and UNDP) in the genesis and implementation
of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). This is set in the wider context of the changing dominant focus of the international
agenda, from ‘environment’ at the Stockholm Conference in 1972, to ‘environment and development’ at Rio in 1992, and ‚sustainable
development’ in Johannesburg in 2002. UNDP is a development organisation strongly rooted in its country office network. Its
role is becoming increasingly normative however, particularly since 2002 when UNDP opted to root most of its activities on
the Millennium Development Goals. UNEP, as an environmental organisation has been successful at catalysing MEAs at the global
and regional level; but without a significant increase in its budget over 30 years, its capacity has been spread very thinly.
Many of the institutional arrangements for MEAs have effectively become independent of UNEP resulting in a very loosely and
sometimes poorly coordinated network. Two case studies are used to illustrate the current institutional arrangements: UNEP’s
Regional Seas Conventions and Protocols, and the Convention for Biological Diversity. These illustrate the fragmentation of
current institutions, the need for strengthened technical and scientific support, the importance of addressing problems at
their root causes and the need to increase the devolution of global governance to the regional level. Satisfying the identified
needs requires actions within the remit of both UNEP and UNDP. It is argued that current institutional arrangements have not
kept pace with the requirements of evolving policy. As part of a reform process, one option may be to merge the two programmes
into a single structure that conserves and strengthens vital technical functions but enables a balanced and integrated approach
to sustainable development. 相似文献
210.
AXEL?MICHAELOWAEmail author SONJA?BUTZENGEIGER MARTINA?JUNG 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2005,5(1):25-46
In the second commitment period 2013–2017, the Kyoto Protocol structure is strengthened considerably. The current Annex B countries agree to reduction targets averaging 23% reductions from 1990 level. This induces non-Annex B countries to take up emissions targets according to a multi-tiered graduation system. Graduation is undertaken according to thresholds defined by per capita GDP and emissions. Compared to the current Annex B, coverage of emissions by absolute caps would increase by about 25%; large low-income countries such as India and China do not graduate. Therefore, large emitters above 50 million t. p.a. can utilise a policy-based Clean Development Mechanism. Sinks of all types – terrestrial, marine and geological can be used. To achieve this policy scenario, voter pressure due to extreme meteorological events and a coordination of all progressive forces in the international climate negotiations are necessary. Moreover, a judicious combination of carrots and sticks has to be developed to entice Non-Annex B countries to graduate. 相似文献