中美军事关系中的透明度问题

透明度问题是中美军事合作和交流中的一个长期问题,双方尤其对透明度的含义有着不同理解。尽管两国都从现实主义角度判断国际形势和制定国家安全政策,但因现实利益和各自历史背景不同,两国采取了迥异的政策。本文认为,中美双方应加强相互了解,并认可对方观点的合理性,以求减少分歧、奠定双方在合作中实现双赢的基础。发展军事交流与合作是解决双方透明度问题的重要途径,而两国更加透明的军事关系将有助于消除双方的利益冲突。     

Privacy notices versus informational self-determination: Minding the gap

Privacy notices are instruments that intend to inform individuals of the processing of their personal data, their rights as data subjects, as well as any other information required by data protection or privacy laws. The goal of this paper is to clarify the current discourse regarding the (in)utility of privacy notices, particularly in the context of online transactions. The perspective is a European one, meaning that the analysis shall be geared towards the European Data protection framework, particularly the European Data Protection Directive. The paper discusses the role that privacy notices play under the European data protection framework today, summarizes the main critiques regarding the use of privacy notices in practice and develops a number of recommendations.     

The duty to assist in Canadian Freedom of Information law

The duty to assist is a core principle in Freedom of Information (FOI) law in Canada and elsewhere. FOI coordinators working in each Canadian government agency are responsible for implementing this duty, though they face challenges in doing so. Examining Information Commissioner rulings, we elaborate on the dimensions of duty to assist as articulated in Canadian law and policy. We argue that while attention to the duty to assist is a necessary but insufficient condition for refurbishing FOI law in Canada, improving adherence to it would enhance “internal mechanisms of administrative justice” (Adler 2003). We conclude by discussing remedies and implications for literatures on FOI, administrative justice, and due process.     

Characteristics of victims of sexual abuse by gender and race in a community corrections population

The purpose of this study was to examine how victims of sexual abuse in a community corrections population differ as a result of their sex and race. Of the 19,422 participants, a total of 1,298 (6.7%) reported a history of sexual abuse and were compared with nonabused participants. The sample was analyzed by race-gender groups (White men, White women, African American men, and African American women) using univariate and logistic regression analyses, which were conducted separately for each group. White women were the most likely to report a history of sexual abuse (26.5%), followed by African American women (16.0%), White men (4.0%), and African American men (1.1%). For all groups, histories of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were associated with a history of sexual abuse. Sexual abuse was associated with substance abuse problems for women but not the men. Cannabis dependence was associated with sexual abuse for the White women while cocaine dependence was associated with sexual abuse for the African American women. Several other variables were associated with sexual abuse for women but not men, including lower education (White women only), a history of violent offenses (White women only), and living in a shelter (African American women only). African American men tended to have higher levels of education; this was the only variable uniquely associated with either male group. Receiving psychiatric medications was associated with sexual abuse for all groups except African American men and a history of sex for drugs was associated with sexual abuse for all groups except White men. Consistent with national sample, women, particularly White women, were more likely to be victims of sexual abuse. The gender-race differences for the sociodemographic factors associated with sexual abuse, particularly the risk of substance abuse for women, suggest the need for tailored interventions for sexual abuse prevention and treatment.     

The Complexity of Hate Crime and Bias Activity: Variation across Contexts and Types of Bias

Are racially-motivated hate crimes, non-criminal bias incidents, and general forms of crime associated with the same structural factors? If so, then social disorganization, a powerful structural correlate of general crime, should predict rates of hate incidents. However, tests of social disorganization’s effects on racially-motivated hate crime yield inconsistent results. This study uses data from the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission (PHRC) to explore such inconsistencies. Specifically, we assess the effects of social disorganization across contexts and types of bias motivation using bias incidents over 12 years. The results suggest that (a) social disorganization, particularly residential instability, is robustly correlated with rates of both hate crime and other prejudicial conduct, and that (b) the interactive effects of social disorganization help explain variations in incident rates by motivation type. Specifically, anti-black incidents are most frequent in unstable, homogeneous (i.e. white) and advantaged communities, while anti-white incidents are most frequent in unstable, disadvantaged communities.