Government in an urban society

Abstract. The role of government is being increased by the growing demand for collective goods which only the public sector can supply but there has been no comparable political reform to meet the needs. The interaction of the various jurisdictions has become more complex and necessary. Although in the present period the forces of urbanization are dominant the problems cannot be solved within the existing powers available to municipal governments, nor in isolation from other levels of government. The major factor in the current unrest is imbalance of resources and responsibilities. No one has yet found a way to relate the capacity for most effective performance in the public sector with the capacity for the most effective use of public resources available to pay for them. The most serious aspect for the municipalities is that the taxes most capable of meeting the public demand are least suited to local administration. Some workable method must be found of reaching agreement on principles of governmental responsibility and of involving the municipalities, through consultation and collaboration, in the process of change. Everything seems to point to the desirability of extensive study and the staging of change so that various alternative solutions can be properly assessed. Sommaire. La demande croissante d'avantages collectifs que seul le secteur public peut fournir augmente l'importance du rôle du gouvernement mais sans qu'il y ait eu de réforme politique comparable pour répondre aux besoins. L'interaction des différentes juridictions est devenue plus complexe et plus nécessaire. A l'heure actuelle, les forces d'urbanisation dominent mais les gouvernements municipaux ne peuvent ni résoudre les problèmes qui en découlent avec les pouvoirs dont ils disposent, ni le faire indépendamment des autres niveaux de gouvernement. L'élément principal du malaise est le déséquilibre entre les ressources et les responsabilités. Personne n'a encore trouvé le moyen d'établir un rapport entre l'efficacité maximale des performances dans le secteur public et l'usage maximal des ressources publiques existantes pour les financer. L'aspect le plus grave de cette question pour les municipalités, c'est que les taxes qui peuvent permettre le mieux de satisfaire la demande du public sont celles qui se prêtent le moins bien à une administration locale. Il va falloir trouver une méthode pratique pour s'accorder sur les principes de la responsabilité gouvemementale et pour faire participer les municipalités au processus de changement par la consultation et la collaboration. Tout semble indiquer le besoin d'une étude approfondie et la nécessité de procéder par étapes de façon à pouvoir évaluer convenablement les différentes solutions possibles.     

In search of copyright author(s)

Who should be considered the author of a work protected by copyright?In recent years, there has been an expanding critical literatureexamining notions of authorship and the role of the author inthe creative process, often leading to suggestions for waysin which the copyright framework might be recalibrated to recognizecollective effort. This book by Lior Zemer is an excellent additionto those works. Eloquently written and skilfully referenced in the eight chaptersthat make up Zemer's book, its key aim is to persuade the readerthat the individual and the public should be seen as joint authorsof creative works. In making his arguments, he takes us froma Conceptual Challenge (Chapter 2) to a     

Block Randomized Trials at Places: Rethinking the Limitations of Small N Experiments

Objectives

Place-based policing experiments have led to encouraging findings regarding the ability of the police to prevent crime, but sample sizes in many of the key studies in this area are small. Farrington and colleagues argue that experiments with fewer than 50 cases per group are not likely to achieve realistic pre-test balance and have excluded such studies from their influential systematic reviews of experimental research. A related criticism of such studies is that their statistical power under traditional assumptions is also likely to be low. In this paper, we show that block randomization can overcome these design limitations.

Methods

Using data from the Jersey City Drug Market Analysis Experiment (N = 28 per group) we conduct simulations on three key outcome measures. Simulations of simple randomization with 28 and 50 cases per group are compared to simulations of block randomization with 28 cases. We illustrate the statistical modeling benefits of the block randomization approach through examination of sums of squares in GLM models and by estimating minimum detectable effects in a power analysis.

Results

The block randomization simulation is found to produce many fewer significantly unbalanced samples than the naïve randomization approaches both with 28 and 50 cases per group. Block randomization also produced similar or smaller absolute mean differences across the simulations. Illustrations using sums of squares show that error variance in the block randomization model is reduced for each of the three outcomes. Power estimates are comparable or higher using block randomization with 28 cases per group as opposed to naïve randomization with 50 cases per group.

Conclusions

Block randomization provides a solution to the small N problem in place-based experiments that addresses concerns about both equivalence and statistical power. The authors also argue that a 50 case rule should not be applied to block randomized place-based trials for inclusion in key reviews.     

Paternity Testing Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: recommendations on genetic investigations in paternity cases

The International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) has established a Paternity Testing Commission (PTC) with the purpose of formulating international recommendations concerning genetic investigations in paternity testing. The PTC recommends that paternity testing be performed in accordance with the ISO 17025 standards. The ISO 17025 standards are general standards for testing laboratories and the PTC offers explanations and recommendations concerning selected areas of special importance to paternity testing.     

Thwarted ambitions: the biography of Auvergne Doherty,an aspiring female barrister

ABSTRACT

Auvergne Doherty was the first woman from the Commonwealth to be admitted and called to the Bar of England and Wales.?In the first part of this article, Doherty's family background, education, legal training, and post-Bar experiences are set out. The second part analyses her profile compared with the other women called to the Bar in 1922 and considers why Doherty may not have gone on to practise as a barrister. This article argues that Doherty’s biography is important because it evidences how vital it was to have the necessary financial means and networks to be able to forget a career at the Bar. It was precisely the lack of these factors that impeded Doherty to fulfil her career as a barrister.