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841.
This article assesses the attitudes supporting capital punishment among lawmakers from two democratic countries — Canada and the United States. Accordingly, data were collected from three different populations responsible for legislating law either permitting or prohibiting the use of capital punishment in their respective jurisdictions — the Canadian House of Commons and the Michigan and Ohio state legislatures. These data were used to assess two general hypotheses: (1) Conservative parties will report higher levels of support for capital punishment; and, (2) Individual members from liberal political parties will report lower levels of support for capital punishment when compared to members of more conservative parties. The research findings supported both hypotheses. 相似文献
842.
Ryan D. Schroeder Terrence D. HillStacy Hoskins Haynes Christopher Bradley 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(1):21
Purpose
Although studies of General Strain Theory (GST) typically include measures of physical health in multi-item indices of strain, no work has investigated the independent influence of physical health on criminal offending. The current research explores the relationship between physical health and criminal offending among low-income women living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.Methods
Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families (WCF) project, criminal behavior is predicted over two years with measures of physical health, depression, anxiety, competing strain, and relevant background factors.Results
Poorer physical health at baseline and declines in physical health increase the odds of offending onset among previous non-offenders and reduce the odds of decreased offending among previous offenders. In offending onset models, higher levels of anxiety and depression at baseline and increases in these symptoms partially mediate the effect of poorer baseline health and fully mediate the effect of the loss of physical health. In decreased offending models, increases in anxiety and depression fully mediate the effect of poorer baseline health and partially mediate the effect of the loss of physical health.Conclusions
The data suggest that poor health and declines in physical health influence both offending onset and offending escalation directly and indirectly through increases in anxiety and depression. 相似文献843.
What is the most effective framework for analyzing complex accountability challenges within governing networks? Recognizing the multiscale and intersector (public, private, and nonprofit) characteristics of these networks, an accountability model is advanced organized around democratic (elected representatives, citizens, and the legal system), market (owners and consumers), as well as administrative (bureaucratic, professional and collaborative) relationships. This concept draws from 2005 events following Hurricane Katrina. Multiple failures of governing networks to plan for and respond to Katrina include a breakdown in democratic, market, and administrative accountability as well as a pervasive confusion over trade‐offs between accountability types emerging from crises. This essay offers several useful recommendations for emergency management planners as well as for those who teach and research. 相似文献
844.
Using a rich dataset that links the Census Bureau's Survey of Income and Program Participation calendar-year 2004 file with Social Security benefit records, this article provides a portrait of the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of Social Security child beneficiaries. We find that the incidence ofbenefit receipt in the child population differs substantially across individual and family-level characteristics. Average benefit amounts also vary across subgroups and benefit types. The findings provide a better understanding of the importance of Social Security to families with beneficiary children. Social Security is a major source of family income for many child beneficiaries, particularly among those with low income or family heads with lower education and labor earnings. 相似文献
845.
Christopher J. Casillas Peter K. Enns Patrick C. Wohlfarth 《American journal of political science》2011,55(1):74-88
Although scholars increasingly acknowledge a contemporaneous relationship between public opinion and Supreme Court decisions, debate continues as to why this relationship exists. Does public opinion directly influence decisions or do justices simply respond to the same social forces that simultaneously shape the public mood? To answer this question, we first develop a strategy to control for the justices' attitudinal change that stems from the social forces that influence public opinion. We then propose a theoretical argument that predicts strategic justices should be mindful of public opinion even in cases when the public is unlikely to be aware of the Court's activities. The results suggest that the influence of public opinion on Supreme Court decisions is real, substantively important, and most pronounced in nonsalient cases. 相似文献
846.
Although there is a large literature on the predictive accuracy of pre-election polls, there is virtually no systematic research
examining the role that a candidate’s gender plays in polling accuracy. This is a surprising omission given the precipitous
growth of female candidates in recent years. Looking at Senate and Gubernatorial candidates from 1989 to 2008 (more than 200
elections in over 40 states), we analyze the accuracy of pre-election polls for almost the complete universe of female candidates
and a matched sample of white male cases. We demonstrate that pre-election polls consistently underestimate support for female
candidates when compared to white male candidates. Furthermore, our results indicate that this phenomenon—which we dub the
Richards Effect, after Ann Richards of Texas—is more common in states which exhibit traits associated with culturally conservative
views of gender issues. 相似文献
847.
The proposition that writing profiles are unique is considered a key premise underlying forensic handwriting comparisons. An empirical study cannot validate this proposition because of the impossibility of observing sample documents written by every individual. The goal of this paper is to illustrate what can be stated about the individuality of writing profiles using a database of handwriting samples and an automated comparison procedure. In this paper, we provide a strategy for bounding the probability of observing two writers with indistinguishable writing profiles (regardless of the comparison methodology used) with a random match probability that can be estimated statistically. We illustrate computation of this bound using a convenience sample of documents and an automated comparison procedure based on Pearson's chi-squared statistic applied to frequency distributions of letter shapes extracted from handwriting samples. We also show how this bound can be used when designing an empirical study of individuality. 相似文献
848.
Smith C 《Annals of health law / Loyola University Chicago, School of Law, Institute for Health Law》2011,20(2):165-203, 6p preceding i
This article seeks to examine the conflict between non-cost-conscious medical malpractice liability standards and health care cost cutting measures within the context of Accountable Care Organizations ("ACOs") under the new health care reform law. This article begins by providing an overview of the high level of health care spending within the United States health care system in order to provide a context for better understanding policymakers' push for cost cutting measures, including ACOs. This article then examines the tension between cost containment efforts and medical liability standards through an examination of the "stuck in the middle" mentality that physicians face when they are forced to meet both liability standards that do not take into account cost concerns and cost cutting standards imposed by or through managed care organizations, pay-for-performance programs and consumer-driven healthcare. This article then introduces the concept of the ACO and describes elements of the ACOs envisioned under the new health care reform legislation. This article concludes by examining and analyzing whether and how ACOs will exacerbate the cost containment/liability standard tension, and how that tension may impact the effectiveness of ACOs. 相似文献
849.
The next phase of evidence-based policing requires both scholars and practitioners to move from lists of specific studies
about “what works” to using that information strategically. This requires developing generalizations or principles on the
nature of effective police strategies and translating the field of police evaluation research into digestible forms that can
be used to alter police tactics, strategies, accountability systems, and training. In this article, we present a tool intended
for such use: the Evidence-Based Policing Matrix. The Matrix is a consistently updated, research-to-practice translation tool
that categorizes and visually bins all experimental and quasi-experimental research on police and crime reduction into intersections
between three common dimensions of crime prevention—the nature of the target, the extent to which the strategy is proactive
or reactive, and the specificity or generality of the strategy. Our mapping and visualization of 97 police evaluation studies
conducted through December 31, 2009, indicate that proactive, place-based, and specific policing approaches appear much more
promising in reducing crime than individual-based, reactive, and general ones. We conclude by discussing how the Matrix can
be used to guide future research and facilitate the adoption of evidence-based policing. 相似文献
850.
Christopher J. Harris 《Journal of criminal justice》2012,40(4):323