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111.
Though the fiscal slack literature has advanced over the past decade, more research is needed for a systematic understanding of the determinants and uses of fiscal reserves at the local level. This paper reviews theory and empirical evidence on the determinants of municipal fiscal reserves offers a conceptual framework for analyzing fiscal reserves accumulation and tests a series of hypotheses using a panel of 2007–2012 financial data for 145 U.S. cities from 21 states. Generalized least squares models show that unassigned general fund balances and unrestricted net assets are positively associated with general fund surpluses in the previous year and with local household incomes, while not being related to measures of fiscal risk, revenue effort, and voter characteristics. Overall, the findings suggest a relatively stronger influence of the capacity to save than the need to save on local fiscal reserves. 相似文献
112.
This research examined the effects of several versions of capital penalty phase instructions on juror comprehension. Study
One documented the impact of California’s recently implemented “plain language” instruction. It showed that although the new
instruction has clear advantages over the previous version, significant comprehension problems remain. Study Two evaluated
several modified instructions designed to enhance comprehension. Participants heard either a standard patterned instruction
or one of two alternatives—a psycholinguistically improved instruction, or a “pinpoint” instruction using case-related facts
to illustrate key terms—in a simulated death penalty sentencing phase. Persons who heard modified instructions demonstrated
higher levels of comprehension on virtually every measure as compared to those in the standard instruction condition. 相似文献
113.
Mokros A Neumann CS Stadtland C Osterheider M Nedopil N Hare RD 《International journal of law and psychiatry》2011,34(1):56-63
Cross-cultural research on psychopathy necessitates assessment methods that are generalizable across linguistic and cultural differences. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the factorial structure of Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) assessments obtained from file reviews of North-American (N = 2622) and German (N = 443) male offenders. The analyses indicated that the 18 item, 4-factor model of the PCL-R obtained with the standard PCL-R protocol (interview and file review) also holds for file review data. On a factor-by-factor level, the data are commensurate with strong factorial invariance of factor loadings and item thresholds for the Interpersonal and Lifestyle factors, and with likely metric invariance for the Affective factor. The Antisocial factor showed structural differences between the two samples. The results imply that cultural or environmental factors more strongly influence the judgment and/or expression of antisociality. Based on the results, cross-cultural comparisons between North-American and German offenders in terms of PCL-R psychopathy should be limited to the Interpersonal and Lifestyle factors. Further research using data obtained through the standard protocol (i.e., interview plus file information) is encouraged. 相似文献
114.
O'Connor M Sanson A Hawkins MT Letcher P Toumbourou JW Smart D Vassallo S Olsson CA 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(7):860-874
This article responds to recent calls for a focus on successful development in young people and examination of its developmental
precursors, in order to identify potentially modifiable targets for interventions. The current study examined child and adolescent
precursors of positive functioning in emerging adulthood, including individual characteristics, relationship factors, and
connections to the community, using a multidimensional positive development measure at 19–20 years. The sample consisted of
511 males and 647 females who were participants in the Australian Temperament Project, a population based longitudinal study
that has followed young people’s psychosocial adjustment from infancy to early adulthood. Higher levels of positive development
in emerging adulthood were associated with stronger family and peer relationships, better adjustment to the school setting,
higher family socioeconomic status, and better emotional control. Some significant gender differences were observed, with
emotional control, family relationships, and community orientation all being stronger predictors of males’ than of females’
positive development. The findings provide possible targets for child and adolescent interventions to promote positive development
in early adulthood. 相似文献
115.
How Do I Feel About Feelings? Emotion Socialization in Families of Depressed and Healthy Adolescents
Erin C. Hunter Lynn Fainsilber Katz Joann Wu Shortt Betsy Davis Craig Leve Nicholas B. Allen Lisa B. Sheeber 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(4):428-441
Emotional and cognitive changes that occur during adolescence set the stage for the development of adaptive or maladaptive
beliefs about emotions. Although research suggests that parents’ behaviors and beliefs about emotions relate to children’s
emotional abilities, few studies have looked at parental socialization of children’s emotions, particularly in families with
depressed adolescents. The present study examined associations between parent and adolescent meta-emotion philosophies (MEP),
defined as thoughts, reactions, and feelings about their own emotions. Additionally, adolescent depressive status was tested
as a moderator of relationships between parents’ and adolescents’ MEP. One hundred and 52 adolescents, aged 14–18 (65.8% female),
and their parents (148 mothers, 106 fathers) participated in a study on emotion socialization in families of depressed and
healthy adolescents. Depressed adolescents (n = 75) and matched healthy adolescents (n = 77) were recruited based on research criteria for mental health status. The sample was largely Caucasian (82%) and of middle
socioeconomic class status. Results indicated that mothers’ and fathers’ MEP about their children’s emotions were associated
with adolescents’ MEP, although parents’ MEP about their own emotions was unrelated to adolescents’ MEP. Fathers’ MEP about
children’s emotions made unique contributions to adolescents’ MEP across both adolescent groups. Adolescents’ depressive status
moderated the relationship between mothers’ and adolescents’ MEP such that mothers’ MEP was particularly relevant for depressed
adolescents. The continued influence of parents in the emotional lives of adolescents is discussed as well as differences
in emotion socialization in families with depressed and healthy adolescents. 相似文献
116.
Craig S. Fleisher 《Journal of Public Affairs (14723891)》2007,7(3):281-290
- This paper examines the need for developing a public affairs body of knowledge (BOK). It examines the rationale for having a BOK within a larger context of professionalism in the field, identifies parallel developments in affiliated fields that may provide models for public affairs, and offers alternatives for stakeholders of the field to pursue this objective.
117.
Moreno LI Tate CM Knott EL McDaniel JE Rogers SS Koons BW Kavlick MF Craig RL Robertson JM 《Journal of forensic sciences》2012,57(4):1051-1058
The potential application of mRNA for the identification of biological fluids using molecular techniques has been a recent development in forensic serology. Constitutively expressed housekeeping genes can assess the amount of mRNA recovered from a sample, establish its suitability for downstream applications, and provide a reference point to corroborate the identity of the fluid. qPCR was utilized to compare the expression levels of housekeeping genes from forensic-like body fluid stains to establish the most appropriate assessment of human mRNA quantity prior to profiling. Although variability was observed between fluids and individuals, results indicated that beta-2 microglobulin exhibited the highest expression for all body fluids examined and across donors. A one-way analysis of variance was performed for housekeeping gene variability between donors (at the α, 0.05, significance level), and the results indicated significant differences for semen, vaginal secretions, and menstrual blood. 相似文献
118.
Richard B. Felson D. Wayne Osgood Julie Horney Craig Wiernik 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》2012,28(2):347-363
We examine whether particular types of stress are related to particular types of crime or whether all types of stress are
related to all types of crime. Our estimates are based on analyses of within-individual change over a 36 month period among
recently incarcerated offenders. We find that assault is most strongly related to family stress, suggesting that conflicts
between family members lead to assault. Economic crimes (property crimes and selling illicit drugs) are most clearly related
to financial stress, suggesting that these crimes often reflect attempts to resolve financial problems. On the other hand,
crime is generally unrelated to stress from illness/injury, death, and work. The results support the idea that criminal behavior
is a focused response to specific types of problems rather than a general response to stress. They are more consistent with
explanations that focus on perceived rewards and costs (e.g., the rational-choice approach) than with explanations that portray
negative affect as a generalized impetus toward violence or crime (e.g., frustration aggression approaches). 相似文献
119.
Research was carried out to determine whether the likelihood of obtaining a positive Acid Phosphatase (AP) test result is affected by the make and type of paper used. Also, we aimed to investigate the frequency of AP positive reactions occurring after 2min using a series of known semen dilutions and to determine whether spermatozoa transfer onto the paper during the act of AP screening. In this research, most brands of paper tested were able to detect a 1 in 40 semen dilution within 2min. Leaving AP test papers for longer will allow the detection of greater dilutions of semen and as the amount of ejaculation is not reliably known in most casework situations and levels of AP activity can vary in different men, this will increase the seminal detection rate in sexual offence allegations. 相似文献
120.