Rape as Genocide: The Group/Individual Schism

This paper discusses, within the context of analytical theory, some of the implications when rape is subsumed within the international crime of genocide and concludes that this type of enquiry is essential for creating a clearer framework to address and understand this violation. From the analysis undertaken, two critical questions become apparent: a) Does compatibility exist when rape is subsumed within the category of a group violation (genocide), if rape is constructed as a violation of an individual’s sexual autonomy? ⁱ b) Is the link between rape and genocide necessarily problematic within this notion of autonomy for the individual victim of rape? The process unfolds within an analytical theoretical approach that touches upon the current concept of human rights with its focus on the individual. Although the key element is the individual, the concept of human rights also creates a space, albeit limited and at times controversial, for the group. As such, this paper identifies some of the theoretical implications that emerge once rape is subsumed within the international crime of genocide, which is defined as a violation committed against particular groups.     

Minderheitsgesellschafter einer GmbH ist Verbraucher

Ein Minderheitsgesellschafter, dessen Gesellschaftsbeteiligung eine blo?e Finanzinvestition ist und der (daher) keinen relevanten Einfluss auf die Gesch?ftsführung der Gesellschaft ausübt, ist jedenfalls nicht Unternehmer. Die blo?e Anlage von Kapital ist noch nicht unternehmerisches Handeln. Es fehlt hier der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Betrieb des Unternehmens und einem darauf bezogenen Handeln des Gesellschafters. Die übernahme einer Bürgschaft ist in diesem Fall nur eine Folge der Anlageentscheidung; sie ist daher ebenso wie diese als Verbrauchergesch?ft zu betrachten. Die §§ 25c und 25d KSchG sind nicht von Amts wegen anzuwenden. Den Interzedenten trifft die entsprechende Behauptungs- und Beweislast. Der Gl?ubiger muss nach § 1364 ABGB den Regressan-spruch des Bürgen gegen den Hauptschuldner schützen. Er darf nicht durch den Verzicht auf eine dingliche Haftung in Rück- oder Weitergriffsansprüche von Bürgen eingreifen. Ein Versto? gegen diese Pflicht führt zu einem Schadenersatzanspruch, mit dem der Bürge gegen den Zahlungsanspruch des Gl?ubigers aufrechnen kann. Dem ist gleichzuhalten, wenn ein Mithaftender auf eine Sicherheit vertraut, die im Kreditvertrag angeführt ist und auf die auch in der Bürgschaftserkl?rung hingewiesen wird, deren Einholen der Gl?ubiger aber unterl?sst. In diesem Fall besteht nicht nur eine Informationspflicht über die beabsichtigte Auszahlung. Vielmehr muss der Kreditgeber die Auszahlung des Kreditbetrags teilweise verweigern. Die H?he des Schadenersatzanspruchs ergibt sich aus dem (hypothetischen) Innenverh?ltnis der im Kreditvertrag vorgesehenen Bürgen. Da zwischen den vorgesehenen Bürgen ein Gesellschaftsvertrag besteht und für eine Schuld der Gesellschaft gebürgt werden sollte, bestimmt sich dieses Innenverh?ltnis nach den Anteilen am Gesellschaftsverm?gen.     

Crisis communication during the red sludge spill disaster in Hungary—a media content analysis‐based investigation

The article analyses the media coverage of red sludge spill, one of Hungary's largest crises. The study focuses on the analysis of stakeholder communication through their media representation, including the patterns, frames and messaging of the key stakeholder groups. It is found that stakeholder groups create their own framing and messaging and therefore give impetus to the creation of parallel realities. The scope of the analysis has allowed for the analysis of longitudinal changes and identification of trends in the behaviour of the media. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

'Cheese for Thought' for the European Court of First Instance

The name ‘grana’ is not generic and the existenceof the protected designation of origin (PDO) for the ‘GranaPadano’ cheese precludes the registration of the trademark GRANA BIRAGHI for related products.     

Hermes: God of Thieves. Plagiarism in Twentieth Century Literature

The question of imitation moves from an open and obvious phase, the phase of Classicism, during which the models from antiquity were imitated with pride and with a conscious desire to set fixed and codified models for compositions, following norms for distinction in well-defined genres, to the period of Romanticism, during which the concept of the work's uniqueness predominated, and the work was seen as the link between God and the world. During the twentieth century the attitude towards plagiarism changed again: in our century the question of artistic originality becomes anxiety-provoking and the relationship with tradition becomes competitive. The heavy weight of tradition creates in the writer a desire to exorcise in some way the fear of the death of creative originality and gives rise to the playful, demystifying re-presentation of previous works, in an attempt to desecrate genres and precursors, re-creating them overtly and covertly at the same time. Thus plagiarism transforms itself into a new creative force, in which tradition is no longer imitated in a subservient, nor a reverential fashion, nor in the sense of the subdivision of pre-established genres. Plagiarism becomes instead a challenge on the same grounds of the canonical authors, demonstrating in this manner a strong capacity to capture the essence of the author's own language (a link to the new emphasis on the act of reading). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The impact of participation in European joint research projects on knowledge creation and economic growth

This paper investigates the impact of participation in European scientific networks on the stock of knowledge and on economic growth. We use scientific links in FP programmes to weight foreign R&D in order to construct two different measures of foreign R&D spillovers and we assess their impact on the production of knowledge (patents) and on economic growth in a panel of countries participating in FP over the period 1994–2005. We find that participation in EU funded projects is an important channel of knowledge transfer. However, while for countries with high levels of R&D expenditure R&D spillovers contribute to the generation of new knowledge, for low R&D spenders knowledge spillovers facilitate technological imitation and catching up.     

Correction sequences and semiotic resources in ensemble music workshops: the case of Conduction®

The paper examines the phenomenon of correction of musical action by analysing ensemble music workshops devoted to Conduction®, a way of making music together on the basis of a codified gestural lexicon addressed by a conductor to instrumentalists. In particular, it focuses on correction sequences initiated by the conductor and related to the musical material to be played and discusses the techniques used by the conductor to construct and sequentially organize correction, showing how these are accomplished through the interplay and mutual contextualization of talk and further audible and visible semiotic resources. Based on the fine-grained analysis of two correction sequences, the study stresses the role of multimodality for investigating music and pedagogy from an interactional perspective, while highlighting the peculiarities of Conduction as performative and educational practice.     

The Special Needs of Victims of Torture or Serious Violence: A Qualitative Research in EU

Abstract

In recent years ongoing wars and serious violations of human rights have driven increasing numbers of people away from their homes, especially in the Middle East and Africa to countries in the European Union to seek asylum. It is estimated that between 5% and 35% of these asylum-seekers and refugees have suffered from torture or serious violence. Studies and practice have shown that an appropriate response to the special needs of victims of torture or serious violence contribute to reduce survivors’ suffering and provide properly international protection. EU legislation recognizes that such vulnerable individuals have special needs, but few of these needs have already been identified and recognized as such. This article reports on a qualitative study carried out in six EU countries - France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta and Portugal - to explore the special needs of victims of torture or serious violence who present among asylum-seekers, during the asylum request procedure, in reception, and throughout rehabilitation and social integration. The study aims to release into the academic community the results of a large policy and practice-oriented study.     

Correction to: The EU as a norm promoter through trade. The perceptions of Vietnamese elites

Asia Europe Journal - The original version of this paper unfortunately contained mistake, the correct sentence should be.     

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder does not predict criminal recidivism in young adult offenders: Results from a prospective study

As the state of research on the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and recidivism can be considered controversial, our prospective study investigated whether ADHD predicts recidivism in a sample of 283 male, German, young adult prisoners. Currently existing ADHD symptoms and symptoms that were present in childhood were screened according to the DSM-IV checklist criteria. Information on general and violent recidivism was gathered using government records with a follow-up period of up to five years. The prevalence of adult ADHD was six times greater than in the general population, and the number of participants who retrospectively met the criteria for a diagnosis with ADHD in childhood was ten times greater than found in community samples. Survival analyses did not identify ADHD as a predictor of recidivism. Controlling for conduct disorder, substance dependence, and other relevant variables did not alter results. However, among individuals who were released from prison and then reconvicted for a new crime, offenders diagnosed with ADHD were found to reoffend sooner after release. These findings stress the necessity of differentiating between risk factors for delinquency and risk factors for recidivism.