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371.
This paper examines whether the psychological sequelae of rape relate to rape case attrition by leading police to see the
victim as less reliable. A mixed methods approach with two linked studies, one qualitative and one quantitative, was used.
In Study 1, the qualitative study, interviews with 12 specialist police officers were analysed using Framework Analysis. In
Study 2, the quantitative study, 76 specialist officers completed an online questionnaire to assess the generalisability of
Study 1’s findings. In Study 1, officers’ perceptions of victims clustered into three stereotypes, which we label “the real
victim”, “the mad discloser”, and “the bad discloser”. Victims who exhibited signs of shame, self-blame, and post-traumatic
stress reactions which impeded their ability to give a coherent account of the rape were perceived as less reliable “mad”
or “bad” victims. The findings of Study 2 supported these results. Although police interview strategies have improved in recent
years, there is evidence that signs of trauma and shame in the victim are sometimes misinterpreted as signs of lying. This
may affect attrition by impacting on victim-officer relationships. Further training on recognising trauma and understanding
its consequences is recommended both for specialist officers and front-line staff. 相似文献
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The article describes characteristics of pregnant women presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) who are experiencing current violence and presented a screening tool to identify pregnant women experiencing violence. Women completed an in-person interview regarding violence, sociodemo-graphic factors, health status, and drug use. Fifteen percent of women reported at least one episode of violence during the pregnancy. Young age (OR = 3.37, 95% CI: 1.79-6.36), current alcohol use (OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.06-2.19), current marijuana use (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.32-2.92), less than a high school education (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.01-2.12), and a prior diagnosis of trichomonas (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.20-2.72) were significantly related to experiencing current violence. Screening patients using these five characteristics identified 8 out of 10 women reporting violence (sensitivity = 75.6%). These results identify a set of predictors that may be helpful in identifying pregnant women who are experiencing current domestic violence. 相似文献
376.
Engagement in after-school program activities: quality of experience from the perspective of participants 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Middle school students’ experiences at after-school programs were compared as they participated in different types of activities
and with different social partners. The students (N = 165) attended eight programs in three Midwestern states. A total of 1,596 experiences were randomly sampled using the Experience
Sampling Method (ESM) during 1 week in the fall of 2001 and 1 week in the spring of 2002. Student engagement was conceptualized
as the simultaneous experience of concentration, interest, and enjoyment. Students reported high levels of engagement while
participating in sports activities and arts enrichment activities at the after-school programs, and low levels of engagement
while completing homework at programs. They reported being more engaged in activities involving both adults and peers than
activities with peers only. Concentrated effort, intrinsic motivation, and positive and negative mood states were also compared
by program activities and social partners. Findings about participants’ subjective experiences and engagement in specific
program activities have implications for understanding after-school programs as a context for youth development.
David J. Shernoff is an assistant professor of educational psychology at Northern Illinois University broadly interested the relationship between human development and education. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago and the Sloan Center for Working Families, where he applied Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow and Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to the study of engaging educational contexts. From 2000 to 2003, he served as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His recent publications include “Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory” in School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 158–76 (with M. Csikszentmihalyi, B. Schneider, and E. S. Shernoff 2003). Deborah Lowe Vandell is the Chair of the Department of Education at the University of California, Irvine where she holds a joint appointment in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior. Prior to these appointments, Professor Vandell was the Sears Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin, Madison where she held appointments in Educational Psychology, Human Development and Family Studies, and Psychology. Professor Vandell is principle investigator of several multi-site studies examining child care, family, and after-school experiences. The author of more than 130 articles, Dr. Vandell’s research has focused on the effects of developmental contexts (early child care, schools, after-school programs, families, neighborhoods) on children’s social, behavioral, and academic functioning. 相似文献
Deborah Lowe VandellEmail: |
David J. Shernoff is an assistant professor of educational psychology at Northern Illinois University broadly interested the relationship between human development and education. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Chicago and the Sloan Center for Working Families, where he applied Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s theory of flow and Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to the study of engaging educational contexts. From 2000 to 2003, he served as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. His recent publications include “Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory” in School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 158–76 (with M. Csikszentmihalyi, B. Schneider, and E. S. Shernoff 2003). Deborah Lowe Vandell is the Chair of the Department of Education at the University of California, Irvine where she holds a joint appointment in the Department of Psychology and Social Behavior. Prior to these appointments, Professor Vandell was the Sears Bascom Professor of Education at the University of Wisconsin, Madison where she held appointments in Educational Psychology, Human Development and Family Studies, and Psychology. Professor Vandell is principle investigator of several multi-site studies examining child care, family, and after-school experiences. The author of more than 130 articles, Dr. Vandell’s research has focused on the effects of developmental contexts (early child care, schools, after-school programs, families, neighborhoods) on children’s social, behavioral, and academic functioning. 相似文献
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378.
Despite the apparent role alcohol plays in criminal offences, there is at present no evidence available as to the extent of the problem of intoxicated witnesses within England. To address this lack of research, police officers from seven constabularies completed an online survey addressing issues such as the prevalence of intoxicated witnesses, how officers determine intoxication, the procedures employed and their effectiveness. Officers indicated that intoxicated witnesses were a common, to very common, occurrence with most officers determining intoxication through physical symptoms and the witness’s own admission. In terms of interviewing witnesses, the majority of officers indicated that initial details were taken whilst witnesses were intoxicated, but the evidential interview was taken when sober. Officers also indicated that if the witness was intoxicated then the case was less likely to proceed to court and that officers viewed the witness as less accurate. These findings are considered from a criminal justice perspective and discussed in relation to future research. 相似文献
379.
We present a study of 102 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) deaths using a retrospective review of medical examiner autopsy reports. The prevalence of sleep related risk factors with regards to sleep surface, sleep position, and co-sleeping were determined in a population of infants less than 1-year-old. Of the 102 SIDS deaths, 67 (65.7%) were not in a crib, 63 (61.8%) were prone, and 48 (47.1%) were co-sleeping. However, 94 (92.2%) of these deaths had at least one risk factor present. Only 8 (7.8%) infants had slept alone, in a crib or bassinet, and on their back or side. Infants less than 4-months-old had a higher rate of co-sleeping (54.7%) than the older infants (25.9%), and a higher frequency of heart malformations at post-mortem examination. The older infants were more likely to exhibit pulmonary and tracheal inflammation, and neuropathology. 相似文献
380.
Kim KD Ruprecht A Wang G Lee JB Dawson DV Vannier MW 《Forensic science international》2005,155(1):28-34
The purpose of this study was to determine the precision and accuracy of facial soft tissue measurement using personal computer (PC)-based multiplanar reconstructed (MPR) computed tomography (CT) images and to evaluate the effect of the various CT scanning protocols on the facial soft tissue thickness measurement. Thirteen different CT imaging protocols were used to image a cadaver head. MPR reformations and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions viewed on a laptop PC were used to make measurements at six specific sites on each set of images. These measurements were compared to physical measurements at the same sites. Increasing the slice thickness resulted in decreased image quality. Within the same slice thickness, increasing the pitch ratio in the spiral mode, resulted in decreasing image quality. The image quality of conventional CT scanning was relatively poorer than that of the spiral CT scanning. However, the mean deviation from the physical measurement was within 0.43 mm in every instance. This mean deviation was quite small and clinically acceptable for measuring the soft tissue thickness of the facial area. PC-based MPR CT images of the face using routine scanning CT protocols can be used to accurately measure soft tissue thickness in the facial region. However, for more fine and accurate data collection, scanning protocols with slice thicknesses less than 5mm, and a spiral/helical mode pitch less than 2:1 are recommended. 相似文献