Thermal development of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces—Further observations and refinements

In a further study of the thermal development of fingermarks on paper and similar surfaces, it is demonstrated that direct contact heating of the substrate using coated or ceramic surfaces at temperatures in excess of 230 °C produces results superior to those obtained using hot air. Fingermarks can also be developed in this way on other cellulose-based substrates such as wood and cotton fabric, though ridge detail is difficult to obtain in the latter case. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the phenomena observed during the thermal development of fingermarks can be reproduced simply by heating untreated white copy paper or filter paper, or these papers treated with solutions of sodium chloride or alanine. There is no evidence to suggest that the observed fluorescence of fingermarks heated on paper is due to a reaction of fingermark constituents on or with the paper. Instead, we maintain that the ridge contrast observed first as fluorescence, and later as brown charring, is simply an acceleration of the thermal degradation of the paper. Thermal degradation of cellulose, a major constituent of paper and wood, is known to give rise to a fluorescent product if sufficient oxygen is available [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. However, the absence of atmospheric oxygen has only a slight effect on the thermal development of fingermarks, indicating that there is sufficient oxygen already present in paper to allow the formation of the fluorescent and charred products. In a depletion study comparing thermal development of fingermarks on paper with development using ninhydrin, the thermal technique was found to be as sensitive as ninhydrin for six out of seven donors. When thermal development was used in sequence with ninhydrin and DFO, it was found that only fingermarks that had been developed to the fluorescent stage (a few seconds of heating) could subsequently be developed with the other reagents. In the reverse sequence, no useful further development was noted for fingermarks that were treated thermally after having been developed with ninhydrin or DFO. Aged fingermarks, including marks from 1-year-old university examination papers were successfully developed using the thermal technique.     

A study of distribution of ethyl glucuronide in different keratin matrices

Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a direct metabolite of ethanol, frequently used as a biomarker of alcohol abuse. To this purpose, EtG is preferentially determined in hair samples, using a cut-off value of 30pg/mg to discriminate between social and heavy drinkers, as recently fixed by an international consensus conference. Although this cut-off value is assumed for head hair, alternative matrices, such as pubic, axillary and chest hair, are often analyzed when head hair is not available. Previous studies suggested that determination of EtG in various keratin matrices may lead to different results; growth cycle and rate, urine contamination, distribution of sebum glands and other environmental factors are likely to contribute to these differences. We analyzed more than 2700 samples (head, pubic, chest and axillary hair) to evaluate the inter- and intra-individual distribution of the EtG concentration in the different keratin matrices. The data were interpreted on a statistical basis, on the assumption that large population data-sets will level off the average alcohol consumption of each group. From both inter- and intra-individual distribution data, significant differences were observed in EtG concentrations recorded in head, axillary and pubic hair samples. It is concluded that pubic hair cannot be utilized alternatively to head hair to prove chronic alcohol abuse, nor is axillary hair, since positive and negative biases respectively affect these determinations. In contrast, for chest hair, EtG distributions similar to head hair were found, although the large discrepancy between the examined population dimensions presently prevents any definitive conclusion. Thus, chest hair represents a promising alternative to head hair for EtG determinations, deserving further investigation on samples collected from the same individuals, in order to establish a clear correlation between their respective EtG concentrations.     

竞争政策视野下商标权取得制度研究

商标权取得制度的发展实践表明,单一使用取得和注册取得均各有利弊。正因如此,二十世纪以后各国商标权取得制度在竞争政策的引导下呈现出融合趋势。"自然权利"理论为商标权的正当性提供了道德基础,"实用主义"财产理论则为商标权所蕴含的竞争政策内涵提供了理论支持。商标权取得制度具有丰富的竞争政策内涵,但在其制度发展过程中有时亦呈现出与竞争政策的不适应性。突出商标法对竞争的内在激励作用,促进商标取得制度与竞争政策的融合应成为我国商标权取得制度完善的方向。     

关于公安文化软实力研究的探讨——兼谈传统文化对当代公安文化建设的启示

当前价值多元化的社会环境对警察素质和道德提出严峻考验。面对此形式,有必要重新审视自身传统文化资源和国外警察文化资源,古为今用,洋为中用,批判地继承和吸收,以促进当代公安文化的建设,增强公安文化软实力。传统文化中的"忠"、"仁"、"勇"、"公廉"这四种传统文化精神完全可以对接当代公安文化的建设。     

韩国的文化发展战略与文化产业的发展

近年来,韩国文化产业发展迅猛,不仅成为国内经济发展的亮点,而且迅速向海外扩张,引起了世人的关注。韩国文化产业发展的主要原因在于政府对文化发展战略的重视和精心规划,并积极推动文化产业机制的转型,使之不但在短期内取得较大的发展成效,且为其可持续发展打下了良好的基础。     

新加坡2004年回顾与2005年展望

2004年是新加坡顺利完成新老政权交替的一年 ,政府不断加大打击恐怖主义力度 ,保证社会和谐稳定 ;经济增长迅猛 ,2004年经济增长率达8.4 % ①。一、政治 :政权顺利交替2004年新加坡政治的主要特点 ,一是顺利实现了新老权力的交替 ;二是加大反恐怖斗争力度。(一)顺利地实现新老政权的交替执政的人民行动党从李光耀为首的第一代领导人开始就确立了自我更新的作风 ,不断引进新鲜血液 ,确保人民行动党的活力与冲劲 ,使政治领导层的接班顺利进行。吴作栋于1990年接替李光耀出任新加坡总理后 ,就一直把物色新的接班人和政治领导层的更新当成优先的…     

日本资源物权制度的种类、特色与启示

日本采取了通过民法典、特别法规定和判例法承认习惯等方式,构建了完善的资源物权制度,将其作为民法上的一种私权,并按照民法原理进行交易。与此同时,日本通过公权力的介入,采取特别法立法方式,限制或禁止人们对自然资源的开发与利用,并通过经济手段对保全自然资源有贡献者实行补助制度。日本资源物权制度对我国在传统物权法的基本框架下构建与完善资源物权制度而言,具有借鉴意义。     

论人身损害赔偿之债在破产程序中的优先受偿

在三鹿集团破产程序中,法院最终裁定结石患儿的赔偿率为零。在社会转型期的中国,三鹿集团的破产并不是大规模侵权案件发生的终点,而是探索人身损害赔偿之债在企业破产法中的立法定位问题的起点。本文的主要目的在于探讨因企业大规模侵权而导致破产的情形下,如何通过制度设计来实现受害人人身损害赔偿之债的优先受偿问题,这对于构建和谐社会具有重要意义。     

论社区矫正立法与确立司法行政机关执法主体地位

2010年8月,十一届全国人大常委会第十六次会议初次审议的刑法修正案草案中,首次提出了“实行社区矫正”,这是我国社区矫正立法方面的一个重要进展。首先,在法律中出现“社区矫正”的字样,将逐步消除人们对“社区矫正工作法律依据不足”的认识;其次,通过社区矫正立法,对社区矫正执行部门进行科学合理的权力划分,将促进刑事司法权力的合理配置,进一步优化刑事法律制度。第三,通过国家立法途径,不断强化社区矫正工作经费保障、机构人员和制度建设,保障社区矫正工作顺利进行。     

失业人员对子女教育的认知及其影响因素分析

失业人员对子女教育的认知受其政治、经济和文化状况的影响。实证结果表明：失业人员对子女的教育极度重视,并已成为失业人员的共识;失业人员对其子女的期望极高,但在实际的实施过程中不得不受自身经济条件的制约,存在过早让子女进入“初级劳动力市场”的倾向;失业人员对其子女的教育效用比较乐观,大部分（特别是处于社会最底层的弱势群体）把接受高等教育视作跻身社会强势群体的唯一途径。