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51.
52.
In the mid- to late-1980s, the discourse of transitional justicewas shaped above all by the experience of countries in LatinAmerica, where military forces continued to exercise autonomouspower even after ceding formal authority to democratically electedgovernments. In this setting, while human rights professionalsagreed that fledgling democracies should undertake prosecutionsin accordance with their international legal obligations, theywere divided over the question of whether further developmentof international obligations in respect of punishment was desirable.Nor was it clear what, precisely, international law alreadyrequired. Writing in the early 1990s, the author of this essay concludedthat States parties to certain international treaties were ingeneral required to prosecute specific crimes. More generally,she argued, wholesale impunity for atrocious crimes was generallyincompatible with States responsibility to ensure thatindividuals subject to their power enjoyed fundamental rights.But these duties, she wrote, should not be interpreted to requireaction incompatible with a nascent democracy's political orlegal capacity. In this essay, the author describes how her views have evolvedin the past 15 years. Noting that international legal normsagainst impunity have grown increasingly strong and arguingthat this trend has itself proved a powerful antidote to impunity,the author nonetheless affirms the central importanceof promoting the broad participation of victims and other citizensin the process of designing as well as implementing programmesof transitional justice and addresses the inherent tensionbetween these values and norms. 相似文献
53.
Riemer LB Fairley D Oc DS 《The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology》2012,33(4):354-356
ABSTRACT: Comparison of DNA profiles is often used in verifying the identification of deceased human beings when other easier, quicker, and less expensive means to identification are not possible. Fifty-five adult subjects divided into 3 groups provided a used toothbrush along with a small bloodstain control for DNA analysis and comparison. Results indicate that there is no significant difference in the quantity and quality of DNA recovered from a toothbrush that has been used for 1 month versus 3 months versus random periods. The results of this study confirm earlier conclusions that a used toothbrush is a reliable source of antemortem DNA from a putative decedent. The use of aviation snips to remove a small portion of the toothbrush head provides an easy, inexpensive method of obtaining a sample for DNA extraction. The authors recommend this method as a standardized technique for use in forensic DNA laboratories. 相似文献
54.
Diane R. Follingstad M. Jill Rogers Jamieson L. Duvall 《Journal of family violence》2012,27(4):257-273
Relationship satisfaction, investment, and commitment in women experiencing extensive psychological abuse were examined to
determine predictive factors. Participants were the top quartile of a national sample of women in conflictual relationships
(N = 81) experiencing psychological maltreatment. Relationship satisfaction, investment, and commitment were each used as criterion
variables with conceptually related factors as the predictors (e.g., reactions to the psychological abuse; mental health indicators;
personality variables; perceived harm; problematic relationship schemas; response styles; demographics). These relationship
markers were differentially predicted within this group of women. Three independent clusters of women, based on patterns of
satisfaction, investment, and commitment scores, were compared regarding physical abuse, reactions to psychological abuse,
ratings of perceived harm, endorsement of relationship schemas, psychological distress variables, and personality variables.
The cluster of women reporting higher satisfaction, investment, and commitment in these seemingly aversive relationships frequently
demonstrated differences from the other two clusters. Implications for clinical applications are discussed. 相似文献
55.
56.
The Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice 2004 report Improving Health Care: A Dose of Competition expresses a clear allegiance to competition as the organizing principle for health care. In Europe, by contrast, the key organizing principle of health care systems is solidarity. Solidarity means that all have access to health care based on medical needs, regardless of ability to pay. This is not to say that competition is not important in Europe, but competition must take place within the context of solidarity. This article critiques the report from a European perspective, describes the role of competition in Europe (focusing in particular on European Union law), and suggests that the United States could learn from the European perspective. 相似文献
57.
This article evaluates whether female victims of severe physical, psychological, or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) call police more often than other abused women. Abused women (431) reported frequency of contacting police (dependent variable), nature and severity of IPV experienced, and characteristics of themselves and their perpetrator (explanatory variables). A two-part regression model estimated likelihood of police contact among all participants and rate of contact among callers. Women with severe physical or psychological IPV or injury were more likely to call police than were other abused women. Among callers, women made 96% more calls if a weapon was involved, 58% more if they were severely sexually abused, and 40% more if they were severely physically abused. Women with children at home made 32% more calls. These results delineate the level and types of IPV and other characteristics of homes that make single and repeat calls to police. 相似文献
58.
Follingstad DR Helff CM Binford RV Runge MM White JD 《Journal of interpersonal violence》2004,19(8):916-942
Literature assessing knowledge of and attitudes toward social issues has demonstrated that mental health professionals and lay persons often differ greatly. To add to the normative information in the field of psychological abuse and to determine whether the differences previously found between mental health professionals and lay persons extend to this field, a sample from each group rated psychologically aggressive items by a husband toward his wife. For the 102 items, psychologists were more likely to label the behaviors as "psychological abuse," but this tendency was due to psychologists considering the behaviors as either "always" or "possibly" abusive, whereas lay persons demonstrated a bimodal response pattern of rating the behaviors as "always" or "never" psychological abuse. Lay persons were much more likely than psychologists to rate items high in terms of severity level, however. The two groups used different contextual factors for determining that a behavior was psychological abuse when they initially were uncertain that it was abusive. 相似文献
59.
Augustus Richard Norton Diane Singerman Mary E. Morris Valentine M. Moghadam Munira A. Fakhro Aye Saktanber Lisa Taraki Boutheina Cheriet Sheila Carapico 《中东政策》1997,5(3):155-189
The essays that follow are drawn from invited presentations of the Conference Group on the Middle East, which meets annually in conjunction with the American Political Science Association. The essays published here were presented in San Francisco, August 29-September 1, 1996, on one of three panels dealing with gender, politics and the state. Thanks to the continuing generosity of the Ford Foundation, five scholars from the Middle East were able to participate. The contributors would like to thank Farhad Kazemi, Deborah Gerner and Jean Lecafor their excellent comments at the panels. Louis J. Cantori, who has shepherded the Conference Group since its creation by a group of University of Chicago graduates more than a decade ago, deserves special thanks for his tireless commitment. 相似文献
60.
Diane Sainsbury 《Scandinavian political studies》1988,11(4):337-346
Theorizing about women and politics and discussions of women and the welfare state have often neglected contextual factors, such as institutional and country-specific variables. By problematizing the following three concepts—the Scandinavian model, universalism, and corporatism—this article seeks to focus attention on system variations and their possible consequences for women. 相似文献